63228
TACH
$ 30 82
BASIC MASTER LEVEL-3
SALES DISTRIBUTOR:
DELTA
316 QUEEN STREET. MELBOURNE. 3000
PHONE: 67 5452
1983
V.1.1
( 1 )
CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER Is CONCEPT OF ASSEMBLER AND DEBUGGER 1
1 Necessary hardware system organisation 1
2 Basic Master Level-3 and its assembler
and debugger 2
2-1 Memory map 4
2-2 Transfer of Modes 8
CHAPTER 2: ASSEMBLER 10
1 Assembler organisation 10
1-1 Assembler-organisation 10
1- 2 Storage area 10
2 Description of Assembly language 11
2- 1 Legal letters and symbols 11
2-2 Source program 11
2-2-1 Statements 11
2-2-2 Label field 13
2-2-3 Operator field
2-2-4 Operand field 14
2-2-5 Comment field 16
3 Assembler Pseudo - execute command 17
4 Miscellaneous 20
4-1 TAB symbols 20
4-2 Description of operator 20
4-3 Description of Index address format 21
4-4 Reference definition of label name 21
4- 5 Forced direct and forced extend address format 22
5 Editor command 24
5- 1 n command 27
5-2 / command 28
5-3 A command 29
5-4 "space" command 30
5-5 I command 31
5-6 K command 32
5-7 L command 33
5-8 F command 35
5-9 P command (1) 36
5-10 P command (2) 37
5-11 X command 39
5-12 Y command 41
5-13 S command 42
5-14 V command 43
5-15 M command 44
5-16 A command 45
5-17 AL command 46
5-18 N command 46
5-19 C command ' 47
5-20 S command 48
5-21 E command 49
5-22 Error message 49
6 Error message of assembler 50
( 2 )
CHAPTER 3:
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
C_
ONTENTS (CONTINUED)
PAGE
DEBUGGER
51
1
Concept of debugger
51
2
Storage area of debugger
51
3
Debugger commands
52
3-1
M command (MEMORY)
54
3-2
D command (DISPLAY)
55
3-3
B command (BREAK POINT)
56
3-4
G command (GO)
57
3-5
R command (REGISTER)
59
3-6
S command''(STEP)
60
3-7
C command (COMPARE)
61
3-8
F command (FILL)
62
3-9
T command (TRANSFER)
63
3-10
E command (ESCAPE)
65
3-11
A command (ASSIGN)
65
OPERATION OF BASIC MASTER LEVEL-3
66
1
Conecpt
66
2
Operation of MA-5100 (Cassette)
66
2-1
Resaving of the assembler
66
2-2
Loading of assembler and debugger
67
2-3
Execution of assembler (Start)
68
2-4
Execution of assembler
70
2-5
Operation of debugger
71
3
Operation of MA-5200 (Diskette)
73
3-1
Operation of MA-5300 (32K BASIC)
73
3-1-1
Resaving of diskette
73
3-1-2
Loading of assembler
74
3-1-3
Operation of assembler
74
3-1-4
Execution of assembler
77
3-1-5
Loading of debugger
78
3-1-6
Operation of debugger
78
3-2
Operation of MA-5301 (40K BASIC)
79
3-2-1
Resaving of the program
79
3-2-2
Loading of assembler and debugger
80
3-2-3
Operation of assembler
81
3-2-4
Execution of assembler
83
3-2-4
Operation of debugger
84
4
Simultaneous development of assembly and
BASIC languages
86
4-1
Usage of Memory area
86
4-2
Development j^ocedure a
87
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
88
1
Introduction
88
2
Address format
88
2-1
Implied address format
89
2-2
Accumulator address format
89
2-3
Immediate address format
89
2-4
Direct address format
90
(3)
CONTENTS (CONTINUED )
PAGE
CHAPTER 5: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE (CONTINUED)
2-5 Extend address format 91
2-5-1 Extend address format 91
2-5-2 Extent indirect address format 92
2-6 Register address format 94
2-7 Index address format 95
2-7-1 Constant off-set index address format 97
2-7-2 Constant off-set index indirect address format 98
2-7-3 Accumulator index address format 99
2-7-4 Accumulator -index indirect address format 100
2-7-5 Auto increment address format 101
2-7-6 Auto increment indirect address format 101
2-7-7 Auto decrement address format 101
2-7-8 Autc decrement indirect address format 102
2-8 Relative address format 102
2-8-1 Short/Long branch 102
2-8-2 Program counter relative address format 102
3 Instruction and their details 104
APPENDIX: MODIFICATION OF THE SOURCE TOP ADDRESS
OF YOUR SOURCE PROGRAM
( 1 )
1. CONCEPT OF ASSEMBLER AND DEBUGGER
This assembler is to convert your source program, your assembly language
program fitted for HD-6809 of Basic Master Level-3 (MB-6890), into object
program (machine codes) and to load the object program into the desig¬
nated RAM memory location.
The assembly language is written with mnemonic codes which have 1 to -1
correspondence with the machine codes, and makes it easier to maintain
your programs.
Together with the assembler, the debugger is also available so as to
debug your object program. This debugger having editor commands to
compile your source program makes it easier to develop your programs.
1. Necessary Hardware-System Organisation
The assembler for Basic Master level-3 (MB-6890) is available either
on cassette tape (MA-5100) or on diskette (MA-5200). MA-5100 works
under the control of ROM BASIC through a cassette tape recorder as
an I/O device and MA-5200 does under the control of DISK BASIC through
a mini floppy disk unit as an I/O device.
In Table 1-1-1 there are shown the necessary hardware organisations
both for MA-5100 and MA-5200.
COMPUTER AND DEVICE
MA-5100
MA-5200
EXPLANATION
1 Basic Master Level-3, MB-6890
0
0
N.B.l
2 Colour Display, C14-2170
0
0 .
C14-2170 or K12-2055P needed
3 Monochrome Display, K12-2055P
4 Cassette Tape Recorder, TRQ-237
0
Usable for MA-5200
5 Mini Floppy Disk Drive, MP-3540
X
0
N .B .2
6 Dot-Matrix Impact Printer, MP-1040
0
o
0
Necessary to output assembled
list
0 means: "Necessary".
means: "Possible to use".
X means: "Not needed".
Table 1-1-1 Necessary Hardware Organisation for Assembler
(2)
N.B.l For Colour Monitor (C14-2170), the cable for the monitor
(MP-9770) is needed.
♦
N.B.2 For a mini floppy disk drive unit, I/F cards (MP-1800, and
MP-1801) are needed. MA-5300 (for 32KB system) or MA-5301
(for 40KB system) is necessary as Basic Master Level-3 DISK BASIC.
N.B.3 The RAM expansion card (MP-9717) is necessary to use the MP-5301
Basic Master Level-3 DISK BASIC for the expansion of up to
40KB memory size.
N.B.4 The instructions of how to operate each I/O device are found
in each manual.
2. Basic Master Level-3, and its Assembler and Debugger
' ' —. . S
Both on MA-5100 (cassette tape) and MA-5200 (diskette) are assigned
Assembler and Debugger under the file name of ASM9, DEGUB5A, and
DEBUD70, as shown in Table 1-2-1. DEBUG 5A and DEBUG 70 have exactly
the same functions, but they are loaded at the different memory locations.
PROGRAM NAME
FILE NAME
MEMORY
LOCATION
Assembler
ASM9
&H5000
&H6FFF
Debugger
DEBUG5A
&H5A00
&H69FF
DEBUG70
&H7000
&H7FFF
N.B. The memory locations of ASM9 and DEBUG5A overlaps, so
you cannot use both programs at the same time.
Table 1-2-1 Programs Written on MA-5100 and MA-5200
The memory size for Basic Master Level-3 is 32K bytes, as a standard
orgainsation. If more memory size is needed, use the RAM expansion
card which extends up to 40K bytes. If you expand the memory at the .
location of more than 9FFF in Hex, you cannot use the Assembler. Under
the above mentioned conditions, a cassette tape recorder and a mini
floppy disk unit are usable. MA-5100 is only used for a cassette
tape device and MA-5200 used only for a mini floppy disk unit. The
standard 32K bytes system organisation does not allow to use DEBUG70
program in case where a mini floppy disk drive is used as an I/O
device, because Basic Master Level-3 DISK BASIC overlaps with the
DEBUG70 memory area. Only in the above mentioned case, DEBUG5A has
to be used instead of DEBUG70.
In Table 1-2-2 are shown the possible combinations of the available
programs together with possible I/O devices.
(3)
RAM SIZE
FILE NAME
I/O DEVICES TO BE USED
CASSETTE TAPE RECORDER
MINI FLOPPY DISK
!
l
32KB
ASM9
@
DEBUG5A
0
©
DEBUG70
X
40KB
ASM9
DEBUG5A
0
0
DEBUG70
©
W.'\ :: I
©: Recommended combination
0: Possible combination
X: Impossible combination
Table 1-2-2 Possible Combination of Programs with I/O Devices
(. 4 )
2-1 Memory Map
RAM32KB
RAM40KB
$ 0000
*1 User' s—
Beginning
Address of
RAM
Area for BASIC
Variables
Area for BASIC Character!
Variables
S6C00
$ 7000.
$7FFF.
BASIC
PROGRAM
ASSEMBLY i:|
LANGUAGE l
SOURCE
PROGRAM
OBJECT
PROGRAM
S 0000
User's
Starting — [
Address of
RAM
BASIC
PROGRAM
-Top Address
of Source
Program
* 3
" End AD
-ORG
* 4
•ASSEMBLY
i LANGUAGE
(SOURCE
^PROGRAM)
■Area for BASIC Variable
Top Address of
Source Program
BASIC Stack
System
i+2 $ 4F00 —\
$ 5000
End AD
■Assembler
Working Area
|— Working
Area For
Debugger
S6C00
$ 7000
S7FFF
Before Assembler and Debugger are loaded, the
BASIC command of CLEARx, &H4EFF should be
executed without fail.
* 1 :
* 2 :
Refer to Table 1-2-3
Refer to Starting of Assembler at
Section 2-3 in Chapter 4
Refer to S Command at Section 5-20 in
Chapter 2
*4: Refer to Pseudo Commands of Assembler
at Section 3 in Chapter 2
$ 9FFF
Working Area for
Assembler
Working Area for
Assembler Debugger
BASIC Stack System
3:
Area for BASIC Character Variable
FIGURE 1-2-1 MEMORY MAP FOR MA-5100 (CASSETTE TAPE)
( 5 )
Figure 1-2-2 Memory Map for MA-5200 (Diskette!.
$ 0000 /
RAM32KB
$0000
RAM40KB
*1 User's
Starting
Address of
RAM
BASIC
PROGRAM
User's
Starting
Address of
RAM
Area for
BASIC
Variables
mrrrry^p
5ASSEMBLY
|PROGRAM
|(SOURCE
£PROGRAM)
?Jop Address
of Source
Program
OBJECT
j:PROGRAM
•3
'End AD
-ORC
* 4
Area for BASIC
Character $4F00
Variables
Working Area
for DEBUGS
BASIC Stack
System
+ 2
$ 4 F0 0
Working 55000
Area for
Assembler
$ 6C00
$ 7000
$ 7 2Bfr
DISK BASIC
RAM AREA
$ 7FFF-I
$ 7FFF
Area for BASIC Characte:
Variables
$ 9 2B8
2 .
Before Assembler or Debugger is loaded,
the BASIC Command of CLEAR*, &H4EFF
should be executed without fail.
ASM9 and DEBUG5A have to be loaded
alternately.
The Above is valid for MA-5300 DISK BASIC
$ 9FFF
BASIC
ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
(SOURCE
PROGRAM)
DISK BASIC
RAM AREA
-Area for BASIC variable
-Top Address of Source
Frogram
■ End AD
Vorking Area for Assemlbe
"Working Area for Assemble
Debugger
—ORG
-Object Program
;Basic Stack System
320 Bytes
DISK BASIC MA-5300 can be used. In
this case, DEBUC5A has to be used.
The above is valid for MA-5301 DISK
BASIC.
* 1 :
* 2 :
*3:
*4:
Refer to Table 1-2-3
Refer to Starting of Assembler at Section 3-1-3
in Chapter 4.
Refer to S Command at Section 5-20 in Chapter 2.
Refer to Pseudo Commands of Assembler at Section 3 in Chapter 2.
( 6 )
(1) The beginning address for users is different according to
cassette based or disk based system as shown in Table 1-2-3.
Table 1-2-3 User's Beginning Address of RAM
SCREEN MODE
USER'S STARTING ADDRESS
MA-5100
MA-5200
40 Characters in normal mode
SHOB68
&HOF72
80 Characters in normal mode
&HOF68
&H1372
40 Characters in high-resolution mode
&H2768
&H2B72
80 Characters in high-resolution mode
&H4768
&H4B72
N.B.l The above mentioned starting addresses are valid under the
organisation. Different I/F cards such as printer or RS-232C
cards will affect user's starting address.. If you change FCB
by using CONFIG program on DISK BASIC, the starting address
will be greatly affected. For each case, refer to each
detailed manual on how the starting address will be affected.
N.B.2 As for the setting of screen mode, refer to the manual on
Basic Master Level-3 BASIC or DISK BASIC.
(2) The memory allocations are needed for Assembler and Debugger, as
shown in Table 1-2-4.
Table 1-2-4 RAM size for Assembler and Debugger
PROGRAM NAME
FILE NAME
SIZE
RAM ADDRESS *1
WORKING AREA
Assembler
ASM9
8KB
&H5000-&H6FFF
&H4FOO-&H4FFF
Debugger
DEBUG5A
4KB
&H5AOO-&H69FF
&H6COO-&H6FFF
DEBUG70
4KB
&H7000-&H7FFF
&H6C00-&H6FFF *2
*1: The memory allocations for ASM9 and DEBUG5A are overlapped.
Therefore, you cannot use these at the # same time.
(7)
*2: When you use both ASM9 and DEBUG70 at the same time, the
working area for DEBUG70 overlaps with the memory allocation
of ASM9, but the software design is made to share these memory
areas by ASM9 and DEBUG70.
(3) Your BASIC program will be loaded, beginning at the memory
location as shown in Table 1-2-3.
(4) The conversion area for BASIC characters is reserved automatically
as shown in Talbe 1-2-5 when Basic Master Level-3 is switched on.
Table 1-2-5 BASIC Character Conversion Area after Power-on
RAM
SIZE
UPPER ADDRESS FOR
BASIC PROGRAM
STARTING ADDRESS FOR BASIC
CHARACTER CONVERSION AREA
ROM BASIC
32KB
SH7FFF
&H7ED1
40KB
&H9FFF
S.H9ED1
DISK BASIC
32KB
&H72B7
&H7189
(MA-5300 & MA-5301)
40KB
&H92B7
&H9189
After you have switched on Basic Master Level-3, you can set the starting
address by CLEAR Command.
(5) The area for the BASIC variables and system stack will be assigned
only by running your BASIC program. These are sizes are totally
dependent upon your BASIC program.
(6) The BASIC FRE function value is given by the following formula.
FRE (0) = (Starting Address for BASIC Character Conversion)
- (Upper Address for BASIC Variable Area + 1)
- 14 *_(1)
*: Number of bytes to be occupied in executing directly
PRINT FRE (0)
When you extend your memory size up to 40KB and FRE function
value exceeds 3 2767 (7FFF in HEX) , the system will display the
negative decimal value, " N". In this case only the number of
bytes will be given by equation (2).
FRE (0) = 65536 - N_(2)
The source program of the assembly language will be stored at
any location designated by a user. But you can not designate
this address which is lower than user's RAM starting address.
( 7 )
( 8 )
End AD (Last Address for Storage of Your Source Program + 1)
can be known by executing Editor command "S".
(8) Object program (machine language) can be loaded sequentially
at the RAM locations designated by ORG command.
(9) In case of DISK BASIC (MA-5300 and MA-5301), the memory area
will be occupied as DISK BASIC RAM as shown in Fig. 1-2-2.
2-2 Transfer of Modes
When you load Assembler and Debugger in Basic Master Level-3, the
following 5 different modes exist:
~1. -BASIC Mode
2. Monitor Mode
3. Editor Mode
4. Assembler Mode
5. Debugger Mode
Figure 1-2-3 shown how to transfer between 5 different modes.
Table 1-2-6 shows how to load Assembler and Debugger.
*1: LOADM "<Device Name> : ASM9",, R is also possible.
*2: LOADM "<Device Name> : DEBUG70",, R or LOADM" <Device Name>
DEBUG5A",, R is also possible.
Figure 1-2-3 Transfer between Different Modes *
Table 1-2-6 Method of Loading Assembler and Debugger
ASSEMBLER/DEBUGGER FILE NAME
Debugger
"DEBUG5A"
"DEBUG70"
LOADM"<Device Name) :ASM9" I RETURN
LOADM"<Device Name) :ASM9" ,,R| RETURN
LOADM"<Device Name) :DEBUG5A" | RETURN
LOADM"(Device Name) :DEBUG5A",,R I RETURN
LOADM"<Device Name) :DEBUG70" | RETURN
LOADM"(Device Name) :DEBUG70”,,R | RETURN
N.B. As for device names, refer to the manuals on Basic Master Level-3 BASIC or
DISK BASIC-
( 10 )
2. ASSEMBLER
1-1 Assembler Organisation
Assembler (File Name:ASM9), is designed based on the fundamental conecpts.
The following are the basic features:
1) This assembler having the conversational editor makes it easy" to
make and compile source programs and to transfer the programs to
I/O devices and retrieve from them. This has the function of
printing Assembler listing on a printer.
2) The size of your source program which can be assembles at one
time is 999 lines in maximum.
3) It is possible to develop your programs by using both Assembly
language and BASIC language. In this case both languages can
be stored in RAM without being over-lapped.
1-2 Storage area
1) the size of assembler is 8KB and it will be stored at the locations
of &H5000 to &H6GGG.
2) The address area of &H4F00 to &H4FFF can be used as working area.
Therefore, the memory area shown in figure 2-1-1 cannot be used
for other purposes. The memory allocation with Debugger and BASIC
should be referred in detail to Section 2-1 in Chapter 1 called
Memory Map.
Working for Assembler
This area not- used for
other purposes
Figure
2-1-1 Storage Area
for Assembler
( 11 )
2. Description of Assembly Language
2-1 Legal Letters and Symbold
The legal letters and symbols which can be used in your source programs
are in the following:
1) Numerals
0, 1, 2, ., 9 (10 in all)
2) Letters
A, B, C, ., 2 (26 in all)
3) Special Symbols are 'described below:
* : When this is at the beginning of each line, the line
becomes comments. When it is found in an operand, it
shows relative address in reference to the line.
# : This designates immediate address.
% : Numerals following % are binary numbers.
&H,$: Numerals and Letters (A to Z) following &H and $ stand
for hexadecimal numbers.
<: An operant following is of one byte.
>: An operand following is of two bytes.
{}: Two bytes bracketed (} are actual exectuable address.
5) Other miscellaneous
When more than one space or TAB (CTRL + I) is inserted in the
comments or operands, you can use numerals, Katakana, Hiragana,
alphabet, special symbols and Kana symbols.
2-2 Source Program
An expression having meaning itself is called a statement. Writing a
series of statements for your own purposes consists of your source
program. Source program described in this manual has to be written
according to the rules of Assembler language of HD6809.
2-2-1 Statements
Statements are divided into 3 as shown in figure 2-2-1.
Figure 2-2-1 Classification of Statements
( 12 )
The functions of the 3 statements are describes in Table 2-2-1
m
•STATEMENT
FUNCTION
Executable
Statement
This is written by mnemonic codes having 1 to 1
correspondence with machine codes. 59 different
basic statements are the most important executable
statements.
Pseudo-
Executable
Statement
This is a statement to control assembly language
conversion" and is not converted to machine codes.
There are 8 important pseudo-executable statements.
Comment
Statement
To make it easy to follow up your program, comment
statements are used. These are not converted into
machine codes. These are printed on the assembly
language list. By writing * at the beginning of a
line, the following statements afterwards become
comments.
Table 2-2-1 Classification of Statements
Among the above-mentioned statements, executable and pseudo-executable statements
consist of 4 fields as shown in 2-2-2.
LABEL
OPERATOR
OPERAND
COMMENT
FIELD
FIELD
FIELD
FIELD
i -
Less Than
80 Characters
-♦
Figure 2-2-2 Organisation of Statement
A statement usually consists of 4 fields in a line, but only operator field or
operator and operand fields can be found. More than one space or TAB symbol
has to be inserted between each field, and at the end of each statement "RETURN"
(&HOD) has to be inserted. Within each statement you can use 80 characters
in maximum.
(13)
2-2-2 Label Field
In the label field, a label has to be used. A lable is used to refer
to a statement by an instruction.
1) A label has to consist of equal to or less than 6 characters
(including alphabet and numerals) beginning with the alphabet.
2) Register Names shown in Table 2-2-2 or "PCR" cannot be used
as label names. EOF or label names having EOF cannot be used
either.
3) In the same program, lable names have to be defined consistently.
4) The maximum number of labels to be used is 128. When your
program exceeds 127, an error will take place.
5) A label has to be started at the beginning of each line. If
you insert a space at the beginning, the system understands
that this is an operator.
6) You can assign a label to an executable statement, but you
cannot do a label to a pseudo-executable statement except
for a few. Refer to pseudo-executable statements in Chapter 3
for details.
REGISTER NAMES
SYMBOL
REGISTER NAMES
SYMBOL
Accumulator A
A
X-Index Register
X
Accumulator B
B
Y-Index Register
Y
Double Accumulator
D
Hardware Stack Pointer
S
Condition Code Register
CC
User Stack Pointer
U
Direct Page Register
DP
Program Counter
PC
Table 2-2-2 Table of Registers
2-2-3 Operator Field
Commands legal to operator fields are of 2 kinds as follows:
1) Mnemonic codes of HD6809. Refer to Table 2-2-3.
2) Pseudo-executable commands. Refer to assembler pseudo-executable
commands in Chapter 3.
(14)
TABLE 2-2-3 CLASSIFICATION OF HD680 9 MNEMONIC CODES
FUNCTION
COMMANDS
1.
Addition and Subtraction
concerning 8-bit Registers
ADC, ADD, SBC, SUB
2.
Addition and Subtraction
concerning 16-bit Registers
ADDD, SUBD, ABX
3.
Multiplications (between
8-bit Registers)
MUL
4.
Comparison and Test
CMP TST
5.
Shift Rotate
ASL, ASR, LSL, LSR, ROL, ROR
6.
Logical Arithmetic
AND, BIT, COM, NEG, EOR, OR
7.
Load and Store
LD, ST, PSH,' PUL
8.
Branch over Short Range
BCC, BCS, BEQ, BGE, BGT, BHI,
BHS, BLE, BLO, BLS, BLT, BMI,
BNE, BPL, BVC, BVS
Branch over Long Range
LBCC, LBCS, LBEQ, LBGE, LBGT,
LBHI, LBHS, LBLE, LBLO, LBLS,
LBLT, LBMI, LBNE, LBPL, LBVC,
LBVS
9.
Unconditional Branch
BRA, LBRA, BRN, LBRN, JMP, NOP
10.
Subroutine Control
BSR, LBSR, JSR, RTS
11.
Interrupt Commands
SWI, SW12, SW13, RTI, SYNC, CWAI
12.
Transfer between Registers
EXG, TFR
13.
Load Command of Actual
Address
LEA
FUNCTION
COMMANDS
14.
Sign Transaction Command
SEX
between 8 and 16 bits
-
Conversion
N.B. As for HD6809 Mnemonic codes, refer to Chapter 5 for details.
2-2-4 Operand Field
In an operand field, coded information to be executed is written. Depending on
instructions, operand fields are not always necessary. Depending on instructions
multiple information is needed. In this case a comma separates two different
kinds of information.
In operand fields, legal formats are allowed as shown in Table 2-2-4.
Table 2-2-4 Formats of Operand Fields
FORMAT
CLASSIFICATION
Numeral
Constants
Character
Constants
Decimal Number, Hexadecimal Numbers
(Followed by $ or &H), Binary Numbers
(Followed by %)
/Character strings/
Symbols (Label Names) or ‘(Relative
Address)
Numeral constants and symbols are allowed
as terms of an equation. Arithmetic
operators (+ and -) are allowed as
operators of an expressions.
ADDRESS
FORMAT
There are 8 different address formats of instructions. Refer
to Address Format at Section 2 in Chapter 5 for details.
( 16 )
An example is shown below
Memory
Address
Data
Label
Operator
Operand
0 0 0 A
ABC
EQU
10
0 0 0 2
BB
EQU
2
ORG
&H 3 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
9 6 0 C
L D A
ABC+BB
3 0 0 2
D 6 0 8
LDB
ABC-BB
3 0 0 4
9 6 0 C
" —- . V
L D A
ABC+2
3 0 0 6
D 6 0 8
LDB
A BC- 2
3 0 0 8
B 6 3 0 0 A
L D A
* -l- B B
3 0 0 B
F 6 3 0 0 1
LDB
* -10
3 0 0 E
B 6 3 0 0 E
LD A
10 +- * - A B C
3 0 11
EF
FC B
&HEF, ABC
3 0 12
0 A
3 0 13
A 6 0 A
L D A
ABC. X
3 0 15
5 4
FC C
/TEXT/
3 0 16
4 5
3 0 17
5 8
3 0 18
5 4
END
2-2-5 Comment Field
A comment field starts in an operand field by inserting more than one
space or TAB symbol at the beginning. In comment fields, you can use
numerals, Katakana, Hiragana, Alphabet, symbols, and Kana symbols that
can be found on the keyboard of Basic Master Level-3. By using these
you can state any comments as you like. Comments are not converted
into machine codes in assembling your source program. They are output
on your assemble list. Therefore, these make it easy for you to follow
up your program.
(17)
3. ASSEMBLER PSEUDO-EXECUTABLE COMMANDS
Assembler psuedo-executable commands are the ones to control Assembler,
and they are not converted into machine codes. Pseudo-executable
commands are described in operator fields. A few such commands needs
labels and operands, and some do not need them.
1) END (END of Program)
(1) This is an pseudo-executable command to show the end of your
program (Statements after "END" will never be assembled at
all) .
(2) You do not allow to use labels or operands.
2) EQU (EQUate Symbol)
(1) This is to assign numbers to labels
(2) You can not omit labels nor operands.
Example:
LABEL
OPERATOR
OPERAND
START
EQU
&HAOO
AB
EQU
10
AC
EQU
AB
XY
EQU
YZ + AB
YZ
EQU
&HFOO
3) RMB (Reserve Memory Byte)
(1) Memory bytes are reserved by the value of an operand.
(2) You can omit labels. But operands will never be omitted.
Example:
Memory Address
Label
Operator
Operand
3000
RMB
2
3002
DATAl
RMB
10
300C
DATAX
RMB
1
4) FCB (Form Constant Byte)
(1) 8-bit data are sotred in memory area in correspondence to
operands. Multiple operands are separated by commas.
(2) When illegal characters found, the system stores zeros
automatically.
(3)
You can omit labels. But operands will never be omitted.
(18)
4) FCB (Form Constant Byte) (Continued)
Example:
Memory Address
Data
Label
Operator
Operand
3000
FF
. XYZ
FCB
&HFF
3001
AA
ZXY
FCB
&HAA, 12
3002
OC
3003
OO
5) FDB (Form Double Fyte)
(1) 16-bit data are loaded into memory area according to operands.
Multiple operands-are^separated by commas.
(2) When illegal characters found, the system loads 0 there.
(3) Lables can be omitted, but operands cannot.
Example:
Memory Address
Data
Label
Operator
Operand
3010
0001
ONE
FDB
1
3012
0000
DATA
FDB
,&HABC,&HF
3014
OABC
3016
OOOF
6) FCC (Form Constant Characters)
(1) This is to convert into JIS codes and to store in the memory
location.
(2) Legal characters are from $20 to $FE in JIS codes.
(3) The system understands bracketed characters by 2/'s as legal
ones.
(4) Labels can be omitted, but operands cannot.
Example:
Memory Address
Data
Label
Operator
Operand
3000
42
MESS I
FCC
/BASIC/
3001
41
3002
53
* 3003
49
3004
43
,
ORG (ORGin)
This pseudo-executable commands designates the starting
address of the object program when your source program is
converted into machine codes.
( 1 )
(19)
7) ORG (ORGin) (Continued)
(2) ORG command can be used several times in the same program.
(3) Labels cannot be used. Operands cannot be omitted.
8) SETDP (SETDirect Page Pseudo Register)
(1) This command assign a value to the Direct Page Pseudo
Register, and tells the Assembler on the range (page) of
the direct address format.
(2) When you do not designate the page address*, the Assembler
will set the value of Direct Page Pseudo Register to be zero
by default.
(3) The content of the Direct Page Pseudo Register set by SETDP
command is valid until the content of the register is
re-assigned by the new SETDP command.
(4) The Direct Page Register (DPR) of HD6809 Microprocessor is
not changed by SETDP command. Therefore, the content of DPR
has to be set as the same value as that of Direct Page Pseudo
Register by TFR or EXG command.
(5) Labels cannot be used. Operands cannot be omitted.
Example:
Memory Address
Data
Label
Operator
Operand
4001
0064
BUF
RMB
100
0040
SETDP
&H40
4065
8640
LDA
#H40
4067
1F8B
TFR
A, DP
4069
8610
LDA
#&H10
406B
9701
STA
BUF
* As for the page
address,
refer to
the direct
address format
Section 2-4 in Chapter 5.
( 20 )
4. MISCELLANEOUS
The rules to describe the source program of the assembly language was
described at Section 2 of "Description of Assembly Language" and
Section 3 of "Assembler Pseudo-Executable Commands" in this Chapter.
Additional rules are to be described further at this section.
4-1
TAB Symbol (
CTRL
+ [Tj , $09)
This TAB symbol is inserted between a label and an operator, between
an operator and operand, and between an operand and a comment.
Therefore, each field is adjusted properly. When your source program
is assembled, this TAB symbol is neglected. When the system loads
your source program, this occupies one byte for the storage. The TAB
position is fixed as shown, in figure 2-4-1. In Figure 2-4-1 is shown
the screen format of your source program on the CRT display.
0 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
1 i i i I i i i i ' i i i 1 i I i i ' i i i i i i_I_I_I_I—1—I—I—I—1—I—I—I—L_J—1_
/
PROMPT
SYMBOL
I A B C_
t LABEL
I COMMAND
LL D A — __i
Sc H 4 1
OPERATOR
OPERAND
FIRST TABSECONDTAB
____i * A * — > A C C A
: COMMENT
THIRD TAB
N.B. One space is automatically inserted when the TAB Symbol is used
after the 30th column.
Figure 2-4-1 Position of TAB
4-2 Description of Operator
No space is needed between the mnemonic symbol and register name. If
a space is placed, an error takes place when assembled.
Example:
WRONG DESCRIPTION
RIGHT DESCRIPTION
LD A
LDA
4 --
ST U
STU
'-‘
CMP_p
CMPD
PSHJJ
PSHU
( 21 )
4-3 Description of Index Address Format
An operand of index address format is described as follows:
Expression , R R:Pointer Register
When the expression takes the value of 0, you can omit "0" or
You can just write the register name only.
Example:
LDA
LDA
‘ V In each case they have the same meaning of LDA o,X.
r X J
The same rule will be applied- to automatic increment and automatic
decrement.
4-4 Reference Definition of Label Name
It is possible to make a reference to and define a previous statement.
In case of the reference to more than 2 statements, the date becomes
zero.
Example:
Memory Address
Data
Label
Operator
Operand
0041
LI
EQU
L2 ^
0041
L2
EQU
' &H41“ /
0044
L3
EQU
L2+3
previous statemen
If before a statement defining a label there is a statement referring to
this label, the particular statement referring to the label is treated
as extended address format or as 16-bit offset.
Example:
ry Address
Data
Label
Operator
Operand
0041
LI
EQU
L2
0041
L3
EQU
&H41
ORG
&H3000
3000
B60041
LDA
LI
3003
9641
LDA
L2
3005
A6890002
LDA
L3, X
0002
L3
EQU
2
( 22 )
4-5 Forced Direct and Forced Extended Address Format
By putting ""or"" at the beginning of an operand, the operand value
becomes one byte or two bytes. The address formats applying forced
direct or forced extended address formats are in the following:
(1) Direct Address Format .
(2) Extended Address Format
(3) Extended Indirect Address Format
(4) Index Address Format (but no applicable to Accumulator Offser,
Auto-increment, or Auto-decrement)
1) When Forced Extended Address Format ( ) is applied to Direct
Address Format, the system assembles as Extended Address Format.
2) When Forced Direct Address Format ( ) is applied to Extended
Address Format, the lower one byte of an operand becomes
valid and the system assembles as Direct Address Format. When
in this case the higher one byte of an operand is different
from the value of the Direct Page Pseudo Register, the effective
address is different by using Forced Direct Address Format.
Therefore, an error takes place when assembled.
3) When Forced Direct Address Format ( ) is applied to Extended
Indirect Address Format, the higher one byte is assembled as
"$ 00 ".
4) When Forced Extended Address Format ( ) is applied to Index
Address Format, the system assembles as 16-bit offset. When
Forced Direct Address Format ( ) is applied, the lower one
byte of an operand becomes valid and the system assembles as
8-bit offset. Except that the higher one byte of an operand
is "$00", the system will issue an error message. In case of
0-bit offset and 5-bit offset, Forced Direct Address Format ( )
is neglected.
Example:
Memory Address
Data
Label
Operator
Operand
0040
SETDP
&H40
4000
B64001
LDA
>&H4001
4003
9612
LDA
<LABELl
4005
A69F0056
LDA
>CLABEL2l
4009
A6890001
LDA
>1, X
400D
A68856
LDA
<LABEL2,
4012
LABEL1
EQU
&H4012
0056
LABEL2
EQU
&H56
N.B. When Forced Direct Address Format (<) or Forced Extended
Address Format (>) is bracketted by Cl for Extended Indirect
Address Format, it works in the same way as in the above
example.
4-5 Forced Direct and Forced Extended Address Format
4) (Continued)
Example:
LDA
STA
C<LABEL 1
< CLABEL 1
I24 )
5. EDITOR COMMANDS
When the system works under the Assembler mode, it waits for editor
commands. Inputting editor commands makes the system edit your
files and assemble your source program.
This Assembler understands that your source program consists of each *
statement on each line, and editing working is executed by designating
the particular line to be modified.
There are 21 editor commands in all. They are functionally divided
in the following:
(1) Moving the particular v line to be modified
(2) Insertion and deletion
(3) Listing, searching and exchanging
(4) Filing, Verifying, and merging
(5) Assembling
(6) Others
The assembling command is treated as one of editor commands, and
the system waits for the next editor command as soon as the assembling
work is finished. Therefore, the modification can be easily made.
This also makes it easy to work your program.
In Table 2-5-1 is shown the table of editor commands. In Section 5-1
and thereafter each command is described in detail.
(25)
Table 2-5-1 Table of Editor Commands
CLASSIFICATION NO COMMAND
n command
FORMULA
Moving the
line to be
modified
2 / command
3 A command
"Space"
Command
’Space" Characters
I
Insertion
and
Deletion
5 I command
I Characters
6 K command
L command
The system moves nth line
to be modified, and displays
the content of the line on the
screen.
The system moves the nth line
in advance, and displays the
content of.the line on the
screen.
The system moves the nth line
beforehand, and displays the
content of the line on the
screen.
The system adds the input
characters after the end of the
line to be modified and this
becomefe the new line.
The system adds the input
characters at the beginning of
the previous line to be
modified, and the previous
line becomes the one to be
modified.
The system kills the n lines
including the line to be
modified. The next line
becomes the one to be modified.
The content is displayed on
the screen.
The system displays the
contents of the n lines
including the present line
to be modified. Afterwards,
the next line becomes the
one to be modified.
(26)
CLASSIFICATION
NO
COMMAND
FORMULA
FUNCTION
Listing,
Searching,
and
Modifying
F command
P command
10
P command
11
X command
12
Y command
F characters
RETURN
The system searches the same
character pattern from the
line to the last line; The
first line where the same
input character pattern is
found becomes the present
line to be modified. The
content of the line is
displayed on the screen.
P RETURN
The content of the present
line to be modified is
displayed on the screen.
P Characters
RETURN
Some part of the line to be
modified is replaced with
the input characters (line
editing).
X Previous
Characters/New
Characters
RETURN
Within .the line to be
modified, the system
searches the previous
characters designated and
the previous ones are
replaced with the new ones
if found. The new line is
displayed on the screen.
If the system cannot find
the match, nothing is displayed
on the screen.
Y Previous
Characters/New
Characters
RETURN
X command is executed from the
line to be modified to the
last line. Only replaced
lines are shown on the screen.
Saving,
Verifying,
and
Merging
13
S command
S "Pro gram
Name" I RETURN
The system saves your program
from the first line to the
line together with the
program name either on cassette i
tape or on diskette. '
14
V command
V "Program
Name" RETURN
The system verifies that the
check sum of your source
program stored on the RAM is
the same as that on cassette
tape.
(27)
CLASSIFICATION
NO
COMMAND
FORMULA
FUNCTION
15
M command
M "Program Name"
| RETURN
The program on cassette tape
or on diskette is merged after
the last line to be modified
Assembling
r
16
A command
A RETURN
OR
A, RETURN
Assembling of your program
is executed and the assembled
list is displayed on the
screen. In case of A, RETURN,
list is displayed one screen
by one.
17
AL command
AL | RETURN
Assembled list is output on
a printer.
Others
18
N command
N RETURN
The system displays the
number of the present line to
be modified.
19
C command
C "New Prompt
Character"
RETURN
The previous prompt mark is
replaced with the new one
designated in the command.
This prompt mark is used as the
demarcation code for P, X, and
Y, commands.
20
S command
S | RETURN
•
The system displays the last
address of your source program
plus one. The system displays
as follows:
End AD = ?XXXX
21
E command
E
The system returns to the
BASIC mode.
5-1 n Command
1 .
2 .
Formula
n
RETURN
(n:
Positive integer)
Function
The system moves the line to be modified, and the content of the
line is displayed on the screen.
3. Operation
(1) While the system is waiting for an editor command, you can key
in the desired number. If you make a mistake in keying in, you
can delete the numbers by using DEL | key. You can key in the
new numbers.
(2) When you hit the
RETURN
key, the system moves to the designated
nth line to be modified, and displays the content of the line.
The system waits for the next editor command.
(3) The number of a line has to be designated within 3 decimal
digits (1 to 999).
(4) Others
If you input the line number which exceeds the last line of
your source program,' the EOF line becomes the one to be modified.
The system displays EOF.
N.B.l The assembler can handle the 999 lines of your source program in
maximum.
N.B.l The system automatically inserts the EOF line (End of File)
the next line after the last line of your source program.
Example:
in
5-2 /Command
1 .
2 .
/L 4
LDX-
DECB
PMC-
modified,
the screen.
ARP •_,_,,_,
■—» A D U
. . Y Y _
L D A —
JMP
Prompt Mark *—
Line to be Modified —
<-
tr
<
co
\
RNF_
/_
Formula /n | RETURN | (n: Positive integer)
T
Blinking Cursor
nth line in advance,
Function
The system moves the line to be modified to the
and displays the content.
Operation
(1) While the system is waiting for an editor command, jar key in
the number of the lines followed by "/" key which you want to
move. If you ma ke a mistake in keying in, you can delete by
key. You can key in the new numbers.
( 2 )
using the
the
DEL
RETURN
key is pushed, the system moves to the nth
The content is shown on the
When
line in advance to be modified,
screen. The system is waiting for the next editor command to
come.
(3) The number has to be within 3 decimal digits (1 to 999).
(4) If the input number is 1, you can omit it.
4. When you want to move beyond the last line of your source program,
EOF becomes the line to be modified.
(29)
Example:
The system moves 2 lines in advance
to be modified. The content is
displayed on the screen.
Line to be Modified
5-3 A Command Blinking Cursor
1. Formula a n ( RETURN - 1 (n: Positive integer)
2. Function
The system moves n lines backwards to be modified and displays the
content of the line.
3. Operation
(1) When the system is waiting for an editor command, just key in
the number of the lines followed by "A" which you want to move.
If you make a mistake in keying in, delete one' character by one
by using DEL key. you can key in the new numbers again.
(2) When you | RETURN key, the system moves n lines backwards to
be modified. The content of the line is displayed on the screen.
The system is waiting for another command.
(3) The number has to be within 3 decimal digits (1 to 999).
(4) If the input number is 1, you can omit it.
4. Others
If you want to move backwards beyond the beginning of your source
program, the first line of your program becomes the one to be
modified. .
Example:
The system moves 2 lines
backwards to be modified.
The content is displayed
on the screen.
Line to be Modified
Blinking Cursor
>14
A A
LDX —
_ vvw
D E C B
- X Y
: ABC
— B N E -
— L D A -
- T E
X Y
JMP _
- Z Z
:// 2
-ABC-
-BN E-
— X Y
T
L 4
—— A A
mx_
_VVW
_ABC-
_DECB
_BNE-X Y
_DA_T E
—— X Y
JMP_
_Z Z
/ 3
ABC —
B N E_
_X Y
//2
_X Y_
- J MP —
_Z Z
/_
T
(30)
RETURN
5-4 "Space" Command
1. Formula (Space) Characters
2. Function
You can add the characters after the line to be modified,
modified line becomes the new one to be modified.
The
Operation
( 1 )
When the system is waiting for an editor command, you can key
in the characters followed by the SPACE key which you want to
add. If you make a mistak e in k eying in, you can delete one
character by one by using | DEL | key. You can key in new
characters. . s
(2) When you key in | RETURN | key, the system adds the characters
after the previous line to be modified. The modified line
becomes the new one to be modified. The system does not
display the modified one. It is waiting for another command.
(3) When you hit
spaces.
RETURN
key after
SPACE
key, the system fills
4. Others
(1) When you apply this command after EOF, the characters are
filled before EOF.
Example:
1. The characters that you want to add are keyed in, and this command
has been executed.
2. To make sure that this command has been executed, go backwards by A
command, and list the content of the line by L command.
Line to be Modified.
/—RET
I-RTS-
/_
t
Blinking Cursor
Characters which have
been added.
(31)
5-5 I Command
1 .
Formula
I Characters
RETURN
2. Function
This command inserts characters before the line to be modified.
The previous line is still the one to be modified.
3. Operation
(1) When the system is waiting for an editor command, you can
key in characters followed by j I | key which you want to
insert. If you make a mistake in ke ying in, you can delete
one character by one by using j DEL | key. You can key in new
characters again.
(2) When you hit the | RETURN
key, the system inserts the
characters before the line to be modified. The previous
line is still the one to be modified. The system does not
display the modified line.
(4)
When you hit
spaces.
RETURN
key right after | I | ,
the system fills
N.B. The system only allows 80 characters in one line in maximum.
Therefore, the system only accepts 80 characters for one line.
Example:
1. The characters that you want to insert have been keyed in, and
I command has been executed.
2. To make sure that the command has been actually executed, go
backwards by command and list the content of the line by
L command.
Characters to be added
/ I R E TO-.STA-D I
/_
T
Blinking Cursor
(32)
5-6 K Command
1. Formula Kn RETURN \ (n: Positive integer)
2. Function
This command deletes n lines including the line to be modified. •
The next line becomes the new one to be modified, and the system
will display the content of the present line to be modified.
3. Operation
(1) When the system is waiting for an edito r co mmand, you can
key in the number.of lined followed by | K 1 key which you
want to kill. If you want to make a mistake in key ing in,
you can delete one character by one by using DEL key.
You can key in new number.
(2) When you hit the | RETURN key, the system will kill n lines
including the line to be modified. The next line becomes the
new one to be modified. The content of the new line to be
modified is displayed on the screen.
(3) The number has to be within 3 decimal digits (1 to 999).
(4) If the number of lines is 1, you can omit it.
4. Others
When the number of lines to be killed exceeds the last line, the
system will erase up to the last line. And EOF becomes the new
line to be modified.
Example:
The 2 lines have been killed including the line to be modified.
The next line will be the one to be modified, and the content of
the new line to be modified is shown on the screen.
(33)
5-7 L Command
1. Formula Ln RETURN | (n: Positive integer)
2. Function
This command displays the contents of the n lines including the
line to be modified. The new line to be modified becomes the
n + 1st line. Therefore, the new line to be modified is displayed
on the screen.
3. Operation
(1) When the system is waiting for an editor co mman d, you can
key in the number of the lines followed by j L | key which
you want to show on the screen. If you make a mistake in_
keying in, you can delete one character by one by using DEL
key. You can key in the new value.
(2) When you key in | RETURN - key, the system displays the n lines
on the screen including the line to be modified. The new
line to be moved becomes the n + 1st line, and its content
of the line is shown on the screen. The system is waiting
for another command.
(3) The number has to be within 3 decimal digits (1 to 999).
(4) If the number of the line is 1, you can omit.
(5) If the number of the lines exceeds the whole screen, the
system cannot display at one time. If in this case the
system displays the first 2 1 lines , the display will be
stopped. When you hit the SPACE key, the next lines will
be shown on the screen. When the prompt mark appears on
the screen, this means that the file reached the end.
(6) If the number of the lines that you want to show exceeds
the last line, the system output up to EOF and the EOF
Line becomes the line to be modified.
If you want to halt the display halfway, push the
RESET switch. If you hit the | RESET switch, the
system returns to the BASIC mode. If you want to go
back to the Assembler mode, type in EXEC&H5006.
When you key in EXEC&H5006, the system is waiting
for an editor command. •
(34)
Example:
The 2 lines from the line to be modified are shown on the screen
and the next new line is the present line to be modified. Therefore,
the new line to be modified is displayed on the screen.
Line to be Modified
/ 3
_A B C_
- —B N E
-X Y
/L 2
_A B C_
-BN E
_, L D A
W X y
T E
_X Y_
- _ J M P
7 7
/_
mww X*
?
Blinking
Cursor
(35)
5-8 F Command
1 .
Formula
F Characters
RETURN
2. Function
This command searches the same character pattern among the line to
be modified up to the last line. If the system finds the same
pattern in a line first time, the system understands the line as
the new line to be modified and displays the line on the screen.
3. Operation
(1) When the system is waiting for an edi tor command, type in
the character pattern followed by j F | key. If you make a
mistake i n key ing in, you can delete one character by one
by using | DEL 1 key. You can key in again.
(2) When you hit | RETURN
key, the system executes the F command
and finds the matched line. It displays the line which
becomes the new line to be modified. And the system is
waiting, for another editor command.
(3) If the system cannot find the matched line, the EOF line
becomes the new line to be modified. The system shows the
EOF line and is waiting for another command.
4. Others
When you want to search the match from the beginning of your source
program to the end, put i in n command (This means that the line
to be modified becomes the first line of your source program).
And then use the F command.
N.B. The character pattern cannot occupy the different fields.
Example:
The character pattern of "RTS" to be searched has been keyed in,
and the F command has been executed.
/FRTS
-RETO--RTS
/_
T
Blinking Cursor
Line to be modified
(36)
5-9 P Command (1) (Print Command)
1. Formula P RETURN
2. Function
This command shows the line to be modified. The line to be
modified is not moved.
3. Operation
(1) When the system is waiting for an editor command, key in
P key. The system displays the line to be modified. The
cursor is blinking at the beginning of the line to be
modified.
( 2 )
When you hit the
another command.
key, the system is waiting for
Example:
The P command has been executed.
/P
-RET 1-RTS
T
Blinking Cursor
(When the [ RETURN - key is hit, the system
is waiting for another command)
(37)
5-10 P Command (PUT Command)
1. Formula P Characters RETURN
2. Function
The content of the line to be modified is modified.
The line to be modified is not moved.
3. Operation
(1) When you type in | P | key during the waiting for an editor
command, the content of the line to be modified is displayed
on the screen, and the cursor is blinking at the beginning
of the line.
The modification can be made effectively by using the
following functions of the keys.
1) key moves the cursor right.
2) Key moves the cursor left.
3) When the prompt mark or [ INS | key is hit, the character
pattern after and at the cursor position is shifted right
in parallel and one space is inserted at the cursor
position.
4)
1 DEL I key deletes one character before the cursor position
and the character pattern after the cursor position is
shifted left in parallel.
5) When the other keys than those mentioned in (1) to (4),
the character at the cursor position is replaced with the
input character.
(2) The above mentione d operati on can be repeated many times
until you hit the | RETURN | key.
(3) When you hit the
RETURN
key, instead of the previous line
to be modified, the line after the modification is stored in
the storage area of your source program.
(4) The line to be modified is not moved.
(5) When the number of characters in one line exceeds 80 by the
above mentioned operations, the first 80 characters from the
beginning are stored in the memory area of your source pro¬
gram.
(1) If you want to use the prompt mark ("/") as the input
character, replace the prompt mark with the other symbol
by the C command. Then, input the prompt mark by the
P command.
(38)
(2) When you return the cursor to the beginning and hit the
RETURN key, the P command is neglected. If the operation
of the P command is messed up, start from the beginning by
using this operation.
(3) The TAB symbol ( | CTRL | + | I | ) cannot be used under the
P command.
(39)
5-11 X Command
1. Formula X Previous Characters I PROMPT MARK New Characters I RETURN
The prompt character is "/" under the initial condition.
2. Function
(1) Within the line to be modified, this command searches the
previous characters and replaces with the new characters if
found. The line to be modified is displayed on the screen
after the replacement.
(2) If the match is not found, the replacement is not executed.
The line to be modified is not displayed on the screen.
(3) The line to be modified is not moved.
3. Operation
(1) When the system is waiting for an editor command, you should
type in the character pattern to be replaced and then the new
character pattern after the prompt mark ("/").
( 2 )
When the | RETURN
key is hit,
the command is executed.
(1) If the system has found the character pattern to be
to be replaced, the new character pattern is replaced
with. And the system displays the content of the line
after the modification.
(2) If the system cannot find the match, the replacement is
not executed. The content of the line is not displayed,
either.
(3) The replacement can be executed without depending on
the length of the character pattern to be replaced nor
the new character pattern. But one line has to consist
of within 80 characters.
(4) If the system finds several character patterns in the
same line to be modified, all of them are replaced with
the new character pattern.
(4) Others
If you set one character as the character pattern to be
modified, there is possibility that the system would find the
character pattern at some other location where you do not
want to replace. Therefore, it is desirable to use several
characters as the pattern.
N.B. The character pattern must not occupy the different
fields.
(40)
Example:
The character pattern to be replaced has been keyed in, and the
command has been executed.
|—“R E T 2 , R T S
/XREf/MOD
-MOD 2_
/_
RTS
T
Blinking Cursor
Line to be modified
5-12 Y Command
1. Formula Y Character pattern to be. replaced | PROMPT MARK New
Character pattern RETURN . The prompt mark is "/" under the
initial condition.
2. Function
This command is executed from the line to be modified to the last
line. Only the lines where the replacements have taken place are
displayed on the screen. On the last line EOF is displayed. This
EOF line becomes the new one to be modified.
3. Operation
(1) When the system is waiting for an editor command, type in the
character pattern to be replaced followed by | Y | key and the
new character pattern after the prompt mark.
(2) When you hit the [ RETURN I key, the X command is executed from
the line to be modified up to the last line. Among the lines
searched, only the lines where the replacements have taken
place are shown on the screen. If the lines are not displayed
in one frame, the system shows the firs t one frame of the
lines. And then if you hit the 1 SPACE 1 key, the next one
frame of the lines will be displayed. This operation has to
bw repeated until the prompt mark appears on the screen.
N.B.l The character pattern cannot occupy the different fields.
N.B.2 If y ou want to stop the execut ion of the Y command, hit
the | RESET 1 switch. Once the RESET 1 switch is hit, the
system returns to the BASIC mode.
If you want to go back to the Assembler mode, execute the
instruction of EXECSH5006. When this is executed, the
system is waiting for an editor command.
Example:
The character pattern to be replaced (ABC -*• CCC) has been keyed in,
and the Y command has been executed.
/I
__ORG-S A 0
/YABC/CCC •
_CCC-_BNE-X Y
_____BRA-CCC
-E 0 F
/_
; r
Blinking Cursor
(42)
5-13 S Command
1. Formula
S | " | <Device Name> : <File Name> | " | | RETURN |
t
File Descriptor
2. Function
This command saves the content of the beginning to the last line
together with the file name on an output storage device. After
this command has been executed, the first line becomes the new
one to be modified. ,
3. Operation
(1) When the system is waiting for an editor command, you can
key in the device name and the file name consisting of
within 8 characters after | S [ | " j keys. If you make a
mistake i n key ing in, you can delete one character by one
by using 1 DEL | key. You can type in new characters.
(2) When the saving on an output storage device is finished, the
prompt mark meaning "waiting for an editor command" is
displayed.
(3) As for a file name, you can use 8 characters or special
symbols in maximum, but the file name cannot contain
"0". or "225".
(4) [ ” | just before the | RETURN | key cannot be omitted, because
this editor mode is different from the BASIC mode^_The
device name and file name have to be enclosed by | " | .
If you omit the last | " | by mistake, the system returns to
the BASIC mode. In this case, execute the instruction of
EXEC &H5006 to return to this mode.
N.B.l As for the detailed descriptors, refer to the manuals
on Basic Master Level-3 BASIC or Basic Master Level-3
DISK BASIC.
N.B.2 The recording method by this editor command is binary
just like that by "SAVEM" in BASIC language binary.
When the file is loaded by this command, it is stored
at the same location as the saving has taken place.
Therefore, you have to remember the top address of
your program. You have to designage the address
(SOURCE TOP ADDR) when you load the program.
(43)
5-14 V Command
1. Formula
V 1 " 1 CASO
<File Name>
RETURN
2. Function
The check sum calculated by the program on the cassette tape is
compared with the check sum result stored on the cassette tape
when the S command is executed. At the completion of this
command, the line to be modified moves to the beginning line.
3. Operation
(1) When the system is waiting for an editor command, key in
the device name (CASO:) and the file name followed by | V I
CD-
(2) Cassette tape has to be re-wound before the program has been
recorded.
(3) The same file name as that reco rded by the S command has to
be keyed in. When you hit the | RETURN
begins to be executed.
key, the V command
(4) The cassette tape recorder has to be re-wound, and you can
re-load your program again.
(5) If the saving of file is correct, the V command is finished.
The system is waiting for another editor command.
N.B. When Basic Master Level-3 is operating under DISK BASIC, this
V command is invalid. This command is applicable only to
cassette tape.
(44)
5-15 M Command
1. Formula
M | " | <Device Name> : <File Name> [ " |
File Descriptor
2. Function
This command merges the source program stored on an external
storage device with the line to be modified and the lines there¬
after. At the completion of this command the line to be modified
moves to the beginning -line,,
3. Operation
(1) When the system is waiting for an editor command, key in the
device name and the file name consisting of within 8 characters,
followed by | M | j 11 | .
(2) If you make a mi stake in keying in, you can delete one character
by one by using | DEL key. You can type in new characters.
(3) When the merging is completed, the line to be modified becomes
the beginning one and the system is waiting for another
command.
4. Others
When you execute the M command, the source top address of your source
program stored in the RAM memory has to be the same as that stored
on an external storage device.
RETURN
(45)
5-16 A Command
1. Formula
A 1 RETURN ] or A,
RETURN 1
2. Function
This command converts your source program made, by the editor into
machine codes, and outputs the assemble listing on the screen.
Furthermore, this stores the machine codes in the RAH memory.
When you use the command of | A | | , | | RETURN
one frame of the listing after another.
the system displays
3. Operation
(1) When t he system is w aiting for an editor command, you can
key in | A | | RETURN . Then, the assembling is executed, and
and the result is displayed on the screen. The system is
waiting for another command.
(2) When you key in | A | | , | | RETURN
I , one frame of the listing
is displayed. When you hit the
SPACE | key, the next frame
of the listing is displayed on the screen. This operation
has to be repeated until the prompt mark appears on the
screen.
N.B. If you t erminate the assembling procedure halfway, hit the
RESET switch. When this is done, the system returns to
the BASIC mode. When you want to return to the Assembler
mode, execute the instruction of EXEC&H5006. When this
executed, the system is waiting for an editor command.
Example:
The assemble result is shown in the following format:
001 0 2 E F BD205E
LABEL
L00P12
Machine codes of If not displayed here,
1 to 5 bytes the rest will be shown
in the next line
MEMORY MEMORY
LOCATION LABEL LOCATION
& H 4 0 1 2 L00P14 &H40EC
* * E R R 0 R
.COUNT-—3
/_ :
Blinking cursor
No. of errors
(46)
5-17 AL Command
1. Formula
AL
RETURN |
2. Function
This command outputs the assemble listing.
3. Operation
When the system is waiting for an editor command, you can key in
amc RETURN I keys. The system executes the assembling of your
source program and outputs--'the result on an printer.
N.B. The output format by this command is the same as that by
the A command.
N.B. If you stop printin g the listing, hit CRTL | D | keys. When
+ |'d | keys, the system returns to the
CTRL
you hit the
BASIC mode. If you want to return to the Assembler mode,
execute the instruction of EXEC&H5006. When this instruction
is executed, the system is waiting for another editor command.
N.B. The assemble listing is output on a printer having the device
of LPTO:.
5-18 N Command
1. Formula
N
RETURN
2. Function
This command output the line number of the present line to be
modified.
Operation
When the sys tem is waiting for an editor command, you can type in
| N | | RETURN keys. The system outputs the line number of the
present line to be modified, and then the system is waiting for
another editor command.
Example:
The system displays the line number of the present line to be
modified on the screen.
Line to be modified
_R T S
/N
-.2 3
/_
(47)
5-19 C Command
1. Formula
C
L RETURN
+
New Prompt Mark
2. Function
(1) This command changes the old prompt mark with the new one
designated. This command is valid until the next change
of the prompt mark or the re-starting of the editor.
(2) This prompt mark means waiting for an editor command and
is used as a space insertion code by the P command. And
this prompt mark is used as the demarcation mark between
character pattern by X and Y commands.
3. Operation
(1) When the system is waiting for an editor command, you can
typ e in a new prompt mark (only one character) followed
t>y [_cj
(2) When you hit the | RETURN | key, the new prompt mark appears
on the screen. The system is waiting for another editor
command.
(3) When you have loaded the Assembler, the prompt mark is "/"
Example:
":" has been designated as the new prompt mark by the C command
/c :
r
Blinking Cursor
(48)
5-20 S Command
1. Formula
S
2. Function
This command displays the last address of your source program
plus 1*.
3. Operation
Whe n the sys tem is waiting for an editor command, you can key in
1 S 1 1 RETURN . The following address format is displayed on the
screen.
End AD = &HXXXX (in Hexadecimal digits)
* The last address of your source program means that EOF is automatically
added right after t he last line of your source program and that the
memory location of RETURN for the EOF becomes the last address.
(49)
5-21 E Command
1. Formula E
2. Function
This command returns to the BASIC mode.
3. Operation
(1) When the system is waiting for an editor command, you can
key in E key. Then the system returns to the BASIC mode
and is waiting for the BASIC command.
5-22 Error Message
1. Screen Format
/W
**ERROR (with the bell sound initiated)
/-
t_ Blinking Cursor
2. Function
When you have made a mistake in inputting an editor command, the
error message will appear on the screen and the bell rings.
3. Operation
You have to input a correct editor command again.
(50)
6. ERROR MESSAGE OF ASSEMBLER
During the assembling procedure, error message may appear on the screen,
as shown in Table 6-1-1. You have to correct your source program
according to the error messages.
Table 6-1-1 Table of Error Messages
ERROR DISPLAY
CONTENT OF ERRORS
_
***ERROR01
No END- in your source program.
* **ERROR02
Undefined labels are found. The system insert
$0000 value automatically.
***ERROR03
Labels are defined twice. The system treat the
first label appearing in your program as valid one.
***ERROR04
The label table has overflowed.
***ERROR05
A label consists of more than 7 characters. The
system takes the first 6 characters as legal ones.
***ERROR06
Illegal instructions are found. The system treat
the op code and operand as $121212.
***ERROR07
An op code consists of more than 5 characters.
***ERROR08
No register designation in an instruction. Or
Illegal registers are used.
***ERROR09
Illegal operand found.
***ERROR10
Relative Address Format is not applicable. The
operand value exceeds $FF. The FCB data is of 2
bytes. The displacement exceeds $FF. The calcula¬
tion result of a symbol is negative.
* **ERR0R11
Illegal index description. No register designation
in an operand. Illegal registers in operands.
* * *ERRORl2
Illegal, value found.
(51)
***ERR0R13
Immediate instructions are not allowed.
***ERR0R14
No label to EQU pseudo-executable instruction.
***ERR0R15
Illegal usage of Forced Address Format.
N.B. In case of ***ERROR08, the following procedures have been done by the
system. "S" register is used for PUL and PSH instructions. "X" register
is used for the instructions which accept X, Y, U, and S. "A" register
is applied to the instructions which accept the other registers.
3. DEBUGGER
1. Concept of Debugger
The debugger which has the file name of either DEBUG5A or DEBUG70
is an effective tool to develop machine code programs by Basic
Master Level-3.
2. There are DEBUG5A and DEBUG70 Debuggers which use the different
storage allocations. The storage and working areas of each
Debugger are shown in Fig. 3-2-1. The memory map relationship
of these Debuggers with the Assembler and BASIC is 'described at
Section 2-1 in Chapter 1. Refer to this section for details.
Figure 3-2-1 Storage Area of Debuggers
File Name File Name
•DEBUG5A- -DEBUG70"
(52)
3 Debugger Commands
Effective Debugger commands are available to debug machine codes easily
as shown in Figure 3-1-1.
Table 3-1-1 Table of Debugger Commands
CLASSIFICATION
NO
COMMAND
FUNCTION
Memory
Reference
and
Modification
1
M
(Memory) ,
This command refers to and modify the
content of the designated memory location.
By inputting special symbols, you can
move the addresses forwards and backwards.
2
D
(Display)
The contents of 128 bytes (for the 40
character mode) or 256 bytes (for the 80
character mode) are displayed on the
screen from the designated address.
Program
Execution
and
Control
3
B
(Break
Point)
This command sets, releases, and refers
to the break point. You can set 5
break points at one time.
4
G
(Go)
The program will be executed from the
designated address. When the program has
stopped at the designated break point,
the contents of all the registers are
shown on the screen.
5
R
(Register)
This command refers to and modify the
contents of registers. By using special
symbols, you can refer to and modify the
previous and next registers.
6
S
(Step)
One instruction by one is executed from
the designated address (Trace Function).
After one instruction has been executed,
the contents of all the registers are
displayed on the screen.
Memory
Block
Transfer
7
C
(Compare)
The comparison is made between 2 memory
ateas. If each content at a certain
location disagrees, the system displays
the date and address of each memory
location in each area.
(53)
Memory
Block
Transfer
8
F
(Fill)
•
This command fills some designated
data from the designated location to
the designated location.
9
T
(Transfer)
This command transfer the contents of
some memory area to the designated
location and afterwards- If the two memory
areas overlap, this command executes
the operation.
Others
10
E -
(Escape)
This command returns the system to the
BASIC mode.
11
A
(Assign)
As an output device this command designates
either of Display, Printer, or Display
and Printer.
Other than the Debugger commands shown in Table 3-1-1, the special keys shown below
have the following functions:
(1) When you type in the 1 SPACE | key, the previously keyed-in command will be
executed.
( 2 )
When you type in the | RETURN
. command.
key.
the system is always waiting for a Debugger
(3) When you type in | DEL [ key, the previously input data will be neglected. And
the system is waiting for another data input.
(4) When an error has taken place, the bell rings and a question mark (?) is
displayed on the screen.
(54)
3-1
M Command
1 .
Function
(1)
This command displays the content
location.
of
a designated memory
(2)
This command modifies the content
writes with the new contents.
at
a memory location and
2.
Operation
(1)
When the system is waiting for a
Debugger command, you can
type in the j M | command and the system is waiting for an
address input.
(2) When you input an address and then the I SPACE~1 key, the present
content of the memory location is displayed on the screen.
The system is waiting for data input. As shown below, the
several functions are available by using special keys.
NO
INPUT KEYS
FUNCTION
1
SPACE |
This displays the content at the next
memory location.
2
[Z3
This displays the content at the
previous memory location.
3
| RETURN |
The system is waiting for a Debugger
command.
4
The system is waiting for an address
input shown No. 1.
5
<Data>*
Any key from
No. 1 to No. 4
This writes new data at designated
memory location.
N.B.l The operations from No. 1 to No. 4 do not modify the content
of a memory location.
N.B.2 When you want to access the memory location where no RAM is
mounted or when you modify the content of the ROM, no data
is written and the question mark (?) is displayed together •
with the bell sound.
Address Data
Example: The underlined part has to input. _,♦
c .command: ran
a n n n p c s : x x v x .<—_• x x x x (S
(55)
3-2 D Command
1. Function
(1) The memory contents from the designated locations thereafter
are displayed on the screen.
SCREEN FORMAT
NO. OF BYTES SHOWN
40 Character mode
128 Bytes
80 Character “mode
256 Bytes
(2) The characters are displayed on the screen according to the
the contents of the locations.
2. Operation
(1) When th e sy stem is waiting for a Debugger command, you can
key in | D | key. And the D command has been executed and the
system is waiting for address input.
( 2 )
( 3 )
When you type in the beginning address where the mem ory
contents are displayed and when you type in |SPACE key.
the system shows 8 bytes in each of 16 lines*. In case
of the 80 character mode, the system displays 16 byte
contents in each of the 16 lines**. At the end of the
command, the beginning address of the next memory block is
displayed on the screen.
When you want to continue this operation, just type in | SPACE
key. If you want to change the address, just type in the
address and then SPACE key.
(4) When you want to terminate the command, type in | RETURN | key
N.B.l* This is applied to the 40 character mode only.
** This is only applied to the 80 character mode.
N.B.2
When you hit |/\ | or HH ^y instead of the 1 SPACE ] key,
the previous 128 bytes (256 bytes for the 80 character
mode) are shown on the screen.
Example: The underlines part has to be input.
command: rn
ADDRESS : XXX x_,- ^x x x x [S P A C El
+.
Address
+
Address
(56)
3-3 B Command
1. Function
(1) This command sets, displays, modifies, and releases a
break point*.
(2) Five break points can be set at one time.
2. Operation
(1) When the system is waiting for a Debugger command and when
you type in B key, the system displays the five break points
which have been currently set. And the system is waiting
for the first input 9 f the break point.
(2) While the system is waiting for the address input, the
following operations are possible by using the special keys
shown below.
NO
INPUT KEYS
FUNCTION
1
SPACE |
The system shows the next break point.
2
CZ3 or LClJ
The system shows the previous break
point.
3
| RETURN
The system is waiting for another
Debugger command.
4
The system sets or modified a break point.
5
0 (Zero) | SPACE
The system releases the break point
already set.
* A break point in machine language works just line the STOP statement
in BASIC language. You can set these break points at any locations
in order to debug your program under development. The main purpose
is to check the contents of registers.
N.B. When you set a break point inside one instruction, the system
never stops there. , COMMAND 1 1 B I
BREAK—POINT
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
The underlined part has to be input. X X x x_x x x x— X X X X—X X X x— X X X X
1 : —x xxx—- xxxx [SPACE!
2 : —x xx x—-—x x x x [ S P A C El
1 * * --
(57)
3-4 G Command
1. Function
(1) This command executes your program from the designated address
by the G command.
(2) When the break point has already been set, the program stops
at this point and contents of all the registers are displayed.
2. Operation
(1) When the sy stem is waiting for a Debugger command and you
type in | G | key, the G command is initiated. The system
shows the address.of the program counter and is waiting for
the change of the content of the program counter.
(2) When you want to execu te your program from the displayed
When you want to change
address, just type in
SPACE
key.
the exec ution address, key in the new address and hit the
| SPACE key.
N.B.l This G command does not execute the Assembler.
N.B.2 In the following are shown the cases where your program
execution is stopped:
(1) In case where some break points have been set in
your program, the G command executes up to the previous
instruction before the break point already set. All
the register contents are displayed.
(2) When you hit the | BREAK | key during the program
execution, your program execution is stopped and all
the register contents are displayed.
N.B.3 The program which has been s topped a t a break point is
re-started by keying in the SPACE | key until the next
break point is found. As shown below, the break points
set by the B command can be skipped and you can designate
the number of skipping the break points already set.
U S P PC
xxx x«x x x x— 3 fSHP A C El
t_
keyed in
(58)
In this case, 2 break points will be skipped from the present break
point and the program will be executed until the third break point
point. The number you can designate is &H01 to &HFF. But this
Debugger only accepts 5 break points. Therefore, if you designate
more than 5, all the break points already set will be skipped.
Example:
The underlined part has to be input.
COMMAND: GO
ADDRESS : X x6(-xC-wX xxx ISPACE1
Address
Address
(59)
3-5 R Command
1. Function
This command displays and modifies the contents of the registers.
2. Operation
(1) When the system is waiting for a Debugger command and you
have keyed in R key, the R command is executed and the
register contents are displayed.
(2) At the completion of displaying all the register contents,
the system is waiting for the inout to the SP register.
The following operations are possible:
NO
INPUT KEYS
FUNCTION
1
SPACE |
The next register content is shown.
2
CZD or [S3
.
The previous register content is shown.
3
..... -
I RETURN
The system is waiting for another Debugger command.
4
<Data*> | SPACE l
The system writes data to the displayed register.
* 1 byte or 2 bytes of data
Example:
The underlined part has to be input.
command: nn
SP CC A B DP IX Iy USP PC
XXX X,—,X Xu-XXu,X X,—.X XwXXXXu.XXXXwXXX X,_iX xxx
S P—x X x X- _x xxx jSPACEl
C C_x x_— _x x |s PACEI
“A-x x_- _xx fs PACEI
— B~X x_ i _x x [S~P A C El
D P«—x X.—i—w _x x |"S P A C El
“ x “X X x x^-_ x xxx fs P A C El
wY “X X x --_ x xxx Is PACEI
'X x x x i—■ ,— . x xxx |S P A C El
.!> C-xx x x.——.—i x xxx HTFaCEI
3-6 S Command
1. Function
(1) This command traces one instruction by one from the address
of the program counter.
(2) After the execution of one instruction, all the register
contents are displayed.
(3) Even if a break point has been set, this command executes
one instruction by one.
2. Operation
(1) Before the S command, you have to change the content of the
program counter to the beginning address from which you
want to execute the S command.
(2) When the system is waiting for a Debugger command and you
type in the S eky, the S command is initiated and the system
is waiting for the data input.
(3)
When you key in | SPACE | key,
the program counter shown in
the system shows the
( 2 ) .
address of
(4) When you hit the RETURN key, the system is waiting for
another Debugger command
Example:
The underlined part has to be input.
command: nn
S T E P—x x x x_-._
SP CC A B DP
XXX X—X X —X X_XX_X X
j— This is shown in case of 2 byte
xx(_xxpf an instruction
IX I Y
-X X X X —X XXX.
USP PC
.XXX X_X XXX.
IS P A C El
N.B when you key in the SPACE key one by one, the program is
executed one step by one, but you can skip the program
execution designated times as shown below:
USP PC
xxx x_X x x X—.F^FdS ^ A^E]
Keyed in
In the above case, the system skips the program execution 254
steps, and the 255th instruction is executed. The number you can
designate is &H01 to &HFF.
(61)
3-7 C Command
1. Function
This command compares the contents of 2 memory blocks.
2. Operation
(1) When the sys tem is waiting for a Debugger command and you
type in the | C 1 key, the C command is initiated and the
system is waiting for the input of the beginning address of
the master memory block.
(2) When you key in the address and the | SPACE [ key, the system
is waiting for the--end address of the master memory block.
(3) When you key in the address and hit the I SPACE | key, the
system is waiting for the input of the beginning address of
the memory block to be compared.
(4) When you key in the address and hit the | SPACE j key, the
execution of the S command starts. If the contents of the
2 memory blocks agree, the system is waiting for another
Debugger command.
(5) If the contents disagree, the system displays the addresses
and data of each block and is waiting for another data input.
(6) If you hit the | SPACE [ key under the condition of (5), the
system shows the address and data afterwards when the disparity
of data has taken place. Then, the system is waiting for
another data input.
(7)
When you hit the | RETURN
key,
the command will be terminated.
Example:
The underlined part has to be input.
COMMAND : QT]
MASTER
FROM-.xxxXw--. xxxx |S PACEl
—T 0——x x x x— x xxx HTFa C E 1
DESTIN.
F ROM-x x x x—.-_x xxx [S PACEl
—Display format when
the disparity has
taken place
xxx x— -_x Xw : x.x x x_-_x x— ? J
Address Data Address Data Blinking Cursor
Master Memory
Block
Memory Block to
be compared
(62)
3-8 F Command
1. Function
This command fills a constant a-t the designated locations. When
the constant is not filled correctly*, the system displays the
address and the content.
2. Operation
(1) When the sy stem is waiting for a Debugger command and you
type in I F | key, the F command is initiated. The system is
waiting for the input data to be filled.
(2) When you hit the [ RETURN 1 key, the system is waiting for the
beginning address of the memory block where you want to input
new data.
(3) When you type in the end address and hit the | SPACE | key,
the F command is executed. The system is waiting for another
Debugger command.
* The case where data has not been filled correctly means
that you have designated the address of no RAM or that
you have tries to write data on ROM.
N.B. If you wirte data in the working area of the system, the
system goes crazy.
Example:
The underlined part has to be input.
COMMAND : [T]
DATA-X x_—_ x X [SPA C E[
FRO M—x x x x_-w_xxxx jSPACEi
(63)
3-9 T Command
1. Function
(1) This command transfers data from designated memory area to
the other area.
(2) Even if the memory addresses overlap, this command is executed.
(3) If the memory transfer is not executed, the system displays
the addresses and data at the original and transferred
locations where the disparity has taken place*.
2. Operation
(1) When the system is wai ting for a Debugger command you type
in the T command, the | T | command is initiated. The system
is waiting for the beginning address of the original memory
block.
(2) When you type in the address and hit the SPACE key, the
system is waiting for the end address of the original memory
block.
(3) When you key in the address and hit the | SPACE | key, the
system is waiting for the input of the beginning address where
data is transferred.
(4) When you key in the address and hit the | SPACE key, the
transfer is executed. At the completion of the memory
transfer, the system is waiting for another Debugger command.
* The case where the correct transfer has not taken place
means that you have designated the address in no RAM or
that you have tries to transfer to the ROM area.
N.B. If you transfer to the working area of the system, the
system goes crazy.
Example:
The underlined part has to be input.
COMMAND : FTI
MASTER
F ROM-xx x x —
0 - — x x x x_
D E ST I N.
F ROM—x xxx-
(65)
3-10 E Command
1. Function
This command returns the system to the BASIC mode.
2. Operation
When the system is waiting for a Debugger command and type in
the E key, this command returns the control to the BASIC mode.
3-11 A Command
1. Function
As an output device, the command designates one of the following
devices:
(1) Display (CRT)
(2) Printer (LPT)
(3) Display and Printer (CRT + LPT)
2. Operation
(1) When the sys tem is waiting for a Debugger command and you
type in the A key, the A command is initiated and the
system is waiting for the designation of an output device.
(2) When you type in the number of 1 to 3 which designates an
output devices, the designated device becomes valid afterwards
(3) If you want to change the designation of an output device,
this command has to be executed again.
N.B. When you designate Display or Display and Printer, make sure
that a printer has been connected to the system.
N.B. When you designate a printer, the content that has been type d
in previously will not be printed until you hit the SPACE
key.
N.B. If you do not designate the output device by the A command,
the system automatically designate CRT by default.
N.B. The device name of a printer designated as an output device
is LPTO:
Example:
The underlined part has to be input.
COMMAND:®
CRT=1.LPT=2. CRT + L P T = 3 : fT] or
GO ° r CD
( 66 )
4. OPERATION OF BASIC MASTER LEVEL-3
1. Concept
The Assembler is available either on cassette (MA-5100) or on
diskette (MA-5200). The application of the Assembler is different
according to the memory size of Basic Master Level-3. At the
following sections we are going to describe the details of the
Assembler.
It is recommended to use the 80 character mode for the screen of
MB-6890, which makes it easy to read the assembled list on the
screen.
2. Operation of MA-5100 (Cassette Tape)
2-1 Re-Saving of the Assembler
The Assembler is recorded on cassette tape under the file name of
"ASM9" as shown in figure 4-2-1. The Debuggers are recorded under
the file names of "DEBUG70" and "DEBUG5A". DEBUG70 is stored
at the memory locations of SH7000 to &H7FFF. DEBUG5A is stored
at the memory locations of SH5A00 to &H69FF. For cassette-based
system, DEBUG70 has to be used.
Beginning of Tape
"ASM9"
"DEBUG70"
”DEBUG5A"
CASSETTE TAPE
Figure 4-2-1 File Organisation of Cassette Tape
According to the following procedures, these programs are re¬
recorded on another cassette tape and it is recommended to use
the re-recorded tape. The original one should be kept as master
tape.
(1) A cassette tape recorder should be connected to Basic Master
Level-3 and the cassette tape, MA-5100, should be installed.
You can load the program under the file name of "ASM9" by using
the BASIC command.
Example:
Ready
LOADNi 'ASM 9’ I RETURN 1
Searching *— The tape recorder has to be under playing
position
Found: ASM 9
Ready
t_
Blinking Cursor
(67)
The Debugger can be loaded under the file name of "DEBUG70".
(2) Another cassette tape has to be installed in the cassette
player, and you can save the program on this tape by using
the BASIC command.
Example:
Ready
SAVEM ‘AS M9“, &H5000. &H69FF &H5Q00 I RETURN]
Ready
N.B. Before you hit the RETURN key, you have to push the
"Record"- button and start the recorder.
When the saving of the Assembler is finished, give the following
command:
SAVEM ‘ D E B U G70\ &H7000. &H7F F F, &H7000 I RETURN!
■ This command saves the Debugger on the tape.
From now on, you can use re-saved tape.
2-2 Loading of Assembler and Debugger
You can load the program of the Assembler and Debugger in Basic
Master Level-3 from the re-saved tape.
(1) Install the tape mentioned before in a tape recorder.
(2) Reserve the memory area for the machine codes by using the
BASIC command.
Example:
CLEAR300, &H4E F F I RETURN ]
&H4EFF Do not use the address greater than &H4EFF
N.B. When you expand the memory area up to 40KB and use the MA-5100,
There is no need to reserve the memory area of the object
program by using the BASIC command. When you use the CLEAR
command, refer to Section 2-1 in Chapter 1 (Memory Map).
( 68 )
(3) The Assembler will be loaded by the LOADM in the BASIC language.
Example:
Ready
LOADM "AS M9" 1 RETURN]
Searching *” The tape recorder has to be set
to the playing position
Found' ASM 9
Ready
Blinking Cursor
(4) You can load the Debugger under the file name of "DEBUG70" in
the same way as the Assembler. If you do not want to use the
Debugger, there is no need to load it. If you do not use the
Debugger, the area allocated for the Debugger can be used for
that for your source program or its object program.
N.B. When you switch off the machine, the Assembler or Debugger
disappears. Every time when you switch on the machine,
you have to load them.
N.B. When the object program is destroyed and you run the
program, the Assembler or Debugger will be destroyed.
In this case, re-load them again.
2-3 Execution of Assembler
(1) You can start the assembler from the beginning address by the
EXEC command in the BASIC language as shown in Table 4-2-1.
Table 4-2-1
EXECUTION METHOD
STARTING ADDRESS
NORMAL START
&H5000
1. Re-start after the E command in the Editor
2. Re-Start after the RESET |
3. Re-Start after | CTRL | + | D
&H5006
LOADM"ASM9", ,R RETURN |
(SH5000)
In case of.the re-starting the Assembler, the system is waiting for an
editor command.* In case of L0ADM"ASM9",, R, the Assembler is initiated.
This is the same with the normal start. The normal start is shown in the
following example:
(69)
Example:
Ready
E X E C & H 5000 I RETURN 1
* A SMB/ED I TR-V2.0
NEW/RAM/EXTM ? _
Blinking Cursor
N.B. By using the G command in the Monitor, the Assembler can be
- initiated. But by using the same command, you can not initiate
the Debugger. '~" J
(2) Input Deisgnation of Source Program
As input methods of your source program, there are 3 kinds. By
by inputting one character as shown below, you can choose one of
of them.
( 1 )
( 2 )
( 3 )
♦ PROGRAM NAME : C ASO EXAMPLE fRETURN I (y oucan
designate the device name as (*).
(3) Designation of the Memory Address of Source Program
In reference to the Memory Map describes at Section 2-1 in Chapter 1,
you can decide on the starting address of your source program in the
RAM and input the address in Rex.
The case where you input your source program through the
keyboard:
: NEW/ra,V|/EXTM’|
/SOURCE TOP A D D R ?
L
Blinking Cursor
The case where your source program is already in the RAM:
: NEW/RAM/ EXTM’Hl
/
L_
Blinkina Cursor
The case where your source program is loaded from the
cassette tape:
:new/ram/extm 7 ©
/SOURCE TOP ADDR 7 _
(Input the top address f .
of your source program) Blinking Cursor
PROGRAM NAME: EXAMPLE *
(Program name to be L.
.loaded)
RETURN
Input the file name of within
Blinking Cursor
8 characters, and start the tape
recorder
(70)
If you input more than 4 digist, the last 4 digits will be accepted.
When you input the memory location lower than the beginning address of
the user's RAM, the system is waiting for another address input.
Example:
* ASMB/'ED I TR-V2.0
: new/ram/extm ?[n]
'SOURCE TOP A D D R ’ 3000
Blinking Cursor
N.B.l If you designate tha_top address of the user's RAM as the
beginning address of your source program and execute the
BASIC commands under the BASIC mode, there is possibility
that your source program will be destroyed. In this case,
it is recommended to designate the beginning address as user's
beginning address of the RAM plus &H100.
N.B.2 When you load your source program saved on cassette, you have
to designate the same address as you have saved it on tape.
If both addresses are different, the program will not be
loaded correctly.
2-4 Execution of Assembler
(1) When you have finished the editing of your source program by
the Editor, type in the A command.
(2) If the listing exceeds one frame of the screen, the system
shows the first fr ame of th e listing. After checking the
list, type in the I RETURN - key.
When the number of errors and the prompt mark appear on the
screen, that is the end of the listing.
The object program is stored in the RAM according to the ORG
instruction. Therefore, you can execute the program right
away*.
If some errors are found, you can modify your program under
the Editor.
(71)
(3) If you want to assemble your source program saved on cassette
tape, you have to follows the same procedures mentioned above.
(4) If you want to output the assemble listing on a printer, you
have to connect the printer to the system and give the AL
command.
Example:
/AL | RETURN
If you want to sto p print in g h alfway, just type in
CTRL
CRT
keys, the system returns to
keys. If you hit
the BASIC mode. To return to the Assembler mode, execute the
command of EXEC&HS006 'in the BASIC language. The system will
return to the Assembler mode and is waiting for an editor
command.
N.B. The assembled listing is output on a printer which has
the device name of LPTP:
(5) The errors which have happened during the assembling procedures
are represented by the numbers shown in Table 2-6-1 in
Chapter 2. And the assembling procedures will be continued
under the conditions shown there.
(6) To execute your object program, you have to execute an
instruction of EXEC after you have returned to the BASIC mode
by the E command in the Editor.
Example:
/E EXECSHXXXX [ RETURN j
Or you can execute your object program by the G command in
the Monitor.
Example: (After you have returned to Monitor mode)
*GXXXX | RETURN |
N.B. The memory locations of &H400 to &H43FF are used for a
colour display unit. If you use this memory area for
the storage of your object program or the stack, the
colour of a monitor will be affected. When you use this
memory area for the storage of your object program, you
have to bare this fact in mind.
2-5 Operation of Debugger
(1) Start from the address of &H7000 by the instruction of EXEC
in the BASIC language.
Example: Ready _
E X E C & H 7000 fRETUlTN ]
(The screen will be cleared)
DEBUGGER VI.0 **
' \ , n . " ■ Waiting for a Debugger command
(72)
(2) The Debugger will be initiated by the G command in the Monitor.
Example: (After you are in the Monitor mode)
*G7° 00 | RETURN
(3) You can also initiate by LOADM,,R command in the BASIC just
like the Assembler.
Example:
LOADM M DEBUG70",,R | RETURN ]
In this case the Debugger will be initiated after the DEBUG70
has been loaded.
(73)
3. OPERATION OF MA-5200 (DISKETTE)
3-1 Operation of MA-5300 (32K DISK BASIC)
3-1-1 Resaving of Diskette
On the diskette MA-5200, the Assembler is saved under the file name of
ASM9 and the Debugger is saved under the file names of DEBUG5A and
DEBUG70. The DEBUG5A is loaded in &H5A00 to &H69FF in the RAM and the
DEBUG70 is loaded at &H7Q00 to &H7FFF. The DEBUG70 overlaps the memory
area with 32KB DISK BASIC. Therefore, this cannot be used. You have
to use DEBUG5A. According to the following procedures, it is
recommended to resave the programs on another diskette and to use it
all the time. You should keep the original diskette as a master
program file.
(1) After you have initiated the DISK BASIC (MA-5300), insert
the diskette, MA-5200, into the Drive 1 of the mini floppy
disk unit and another blank one into the Drive 0. By using
the BASIC command, load the Assembler under the file name of
ASM9.
Example:
Ready
loadm " i : aSM9" ( 'RETURN]
Ready
^— Blinking Cursor
N.B. In order not to destory MA-5200 by mistake, make sure
that the write protection seal is stuck on the diskette.
(2) Then save the Assembler on the diskette in the Drive 0.
R e a (I y
S A V K M ' 0 : A S M9", &H5000. N:H69'FF. <i.H5000 RETURN,
Ready
N.B. The write protection seal on the diskette in the
Drive 0 should be taken out beforehand.
(3) After the above-mentioned operation, load DEBUG5A from the
MA-5200.
Example:
R r a d y
I.OAU.M *1 ; DEBUG 5 A" f RETURN i '
R ,• a d y
*- Blinking Cursor
(74)
(4)
3-1-2
Save the program on the diskette in the Drive 0.
Example:
Ready
S A V E M "0 : DEBUG5A", &H5A00, &H69FF, &HFA00
RETURN 1
After the saving, stick the write protection seal.
Loading of Assembler
Load the Assembler into Basic Master Level-3 from the resaved
diskette.
(1) Initiate 32KB DISK BASIC.
(2) Insert the resaved diskette into the mini floppy disk
unit.
(3) You have to reserve the memory area for the object program
by using the CLEAR command in the BASIC language.
Example:
CLEAR 300, &H4EFF
RETURN
The address should not be greater than SH4EFF.
(4) The Assembler is loaded by the LOADM command in the BASIC.
Example:
Ready
L O A D M "1 : ASM9" [ RETURN | This is applicable when the
diskette in the Drive 1
Ready
t_ Blinking Cursor
(75)
3-1-3 Operation of Assembler
(1) You have to start from the address shown in Table 4-3-1 by the
EXEC command in the BASIC.
Table 4-3-1 Beginning Address of Assembler
STARTING METHOD
STARTING ADDRESS
NORMAL START
&H5000
1. Re-start after the E- command in the Editor
&H5006
2. Re-start after the | RESET |
3. Re-start after | CTRL | + | D |
LOADM"DEVICE NAME* : ASM9",,R RETURN |
(&H5000)
* As for the device names, refer to the manuals on BASIC Master Level-3 ROM
BASIC or DISK BASIC.
In case of the re-start mentioned above, the system is waiting for an
editor command. In case of using LOADM,,R command, the Assembler is
initiated after the loading, which is exactly the same with the normal
start. The normal start is shown in the following:
Example:
Ready
EXEC&H5000 | RETURN
(The screen will be cleared)
* ASMB/EDITR_V2.0 '
:NEW/RAM/EXTM ?
1 Blinking Cursor
N.B. You can initiate the Assembler from the start address shown in
Table 4-3-1 by using the G command in the Monitor. But you cannot
initiate the Assembler by the G command in the Debugger.
(2) Input Designation of Source Program
As input methods of your source programs, there are 3 ways. You can
designate one of them by inputting one character in the following:
(1) The case where your source program is input through the
keyboard:
': NEW/RAM/EXTM? | N |
-/SOURCE TOP ADDR? '
(76)
(2) The case where the program is in the RAM:
:NEW/RAM/EXTM?' R
/ _
+ Blinking Cursor
(3) The case where the program is loaded from the diskette:'
:NEW/RAM/EXTM? E
/SOURCE TOP ADDR ?
(Input the top t_ Blinking Cursor
address of your
source program)
PROGRAM NAME: 1-tEXAMPLE
RETURN
(Program Name
to be loaded)
(This is the case where the
diskette is inserted into Drive 1)
/
Device Name and
File Name of within
8 Characters
Blinking Cursor
N.B. There are no need of the double quotation marks before and
after the device najme and file name.
(4) The case where the program is loaded from the cassette tape:
:NEW/RAM/EXTM? E
/SOURCE TOP ADDR?
t. Blinking Cursor
(Input the top address of your source program)
PROGRAM NAME:CASO:EXAMPLE
RETURN
~ Device name CASO: of the cassette tape
and the file name of within 8 characters
have to be input, and start the tape recorder.
(Program to be loaded)
/ _
+_ Blinking Cursor
N.B. The double quotation marks are not needed before and aftter
the device name and file name of within 8 characters.
(3) Designation of Beginning Address of Source Program RAM
In reference to the Memory Map at Section 2-1 in Chapter 1, you have to
decide on the beginning address of your source program in the RAM area,
and to input the address in Hex. If you input more than 4 digits, the
last 4 digits will be accepted. And if you input the address lower than
the beginning address of user's RAM, the system is waiting for another
input.
Example: *ASMB/EDITR V2.0
: NEW/RAM/EXTM? N
< /SOURCE TOP ADDR? 3000 [ RETURN
’/ *
(77)
N.B. When you designate the beginning address of user's RAM as the
top address of your source program and execute the commands
in the BASIC language, there is possibility that your source
program might be destroyed. It is recommended to designate
the address as the beginning address of user's RAM plus
&H100 or thereafter.
N.B. When you load programs from the diskette, you have to use the
same address as it has been saved. If the addresses disagree,
the program will not be loaded correctly. This is the same
with the cassette tape.
3-1-4 Execution of Assembler
(1) When you have finished the editing of your source program by
editor commands, input the A command.
Example: /A [ RETURN
<The assembled listing is displayed on the screen)
or
/A, 1 RETURN |
(2) When you type in A, I RETURN
only one frame of the listing
is displ ayed on the screen. After checking the list, just
type in | RETURN | key. When the number of errors and the
prompt mark are displayed on the screen, the listing has been
completed. The object program is stored in the RAM at the
designated locations by the ORG instruction. You can execute
your program right away. If you have found some errors, you
can modify immediately by the editor commands.
(3) If you want to assemble your source program on the diskette,
you can execute the A command in the same way as mentioned
before.
(4) If you want to print the assemble listing on a printer, use
the AL command. Make sure that the printer is connected to
the machine.
Example: /AL 1 RETURN
If you wa nt to stop printing half way, g ive the command
| CTRL 1 + I D 1 . When you type in | CTRL + 1 D | , the system
returns to the BASIC mode. If you give the command of EXEC&H5006
the system returns to the Assembler mode. And the system is
waiting for an editor command.
N.B. The listing will be printed on the printer with the device
name of LPTO:.
(5) When errors have taken place during the assembling procedures,
the type of an error is shown in number shown in Table 2-6-1.
The assembling will be continued under the conditions shown there
(6) To execute your object program, return to the BASIC mode by the
E command in the BASIC and execute the instructiog of the EXEC
command. ~—-
(78)
Example:
/E
EXEC&HLXXXX
RETURN
OR you can execute the object program by the G command in the
Monitor.
Example: (In the Monitor mode)
*GXXXX | RETURN |
N.B. The program for the colour display monitor is stored
at the memory locations of &H400 to &H43FF. If you use
these memory area for the storage of your object program
or for the stack operation, the colour of the monitor
will be affected. You have to bear this fact in mind.
3-1-5 Loading of Debugger (DEBUG5A)
The purpose of this Debugger is to debug the machine codes of your
source program made from your source program. When you debug the
object program on the machine code level, you have to load DEBUG5A
from the resaved diskette as mentioned in 3-1-1.
(1) There is no need to execute the CLEAR command in the BASIC,
because the storage area for the object program is already
reserved. Only when you want to use the Assembler, you have
to set the storage area of the object program by using the
CLEAR command in the BASIC. See the example below:
Example: CLEAR300, &H59FF I RETURN
t_
Do not designate the address greater
than &H59FF.
(2) The Debugger is loaded by the LOADM command in the BASIC.
Example: Ready
LOAD M"1:DEBUG5A" 1 RETURN 1 This is the case where
the resaved diskette
R e a ^ is inserted in the Drive 1
t_ Blinking Cursor
Because the storage area for the Assembler is from &H5000 to
&H6FFF and that for the Debugger is from SH5A00 to &H69FF,
the Assembler will be destroyed if the Debugger loaded. But
the source program and the object program will not be destroyed.
Therefore, if you reload the Assembler, you can modify your
source program by using editor commands.
N.B. DEBUG70 cannot by used because the storage area for
32KB DISK BASIC overlaps with that for the Assembler.
3-1-6 Operation of Debugger (DEBUG5A)
(1) The Debugger which has been loaded in the above method can
be started from &H5A00 by using the EXEC command in the BASIC.
Example: Ready
EXEC&H5A00 1 RETURN ]
(The screen will be cleared)
** DEBUGGER VI.0 **
COMMAND
t. Blinking Cursor
(2) This can be operated by the G command in the Monitor
Example: (In the Monitor mode)
*G5A00
RETURN 1
(3) The LOADM,,R command in the BASIC can initiate the Debugger
as in the Assembler.
Example: L0ADM"DEBUG5A",,R [ RETURN |
In this case the Debugger will be initiated right after
DEBUG5A has been loaded.
3-2 Operation of MA-5301 (40KB DISK BASIC)
3-2-1 Resaving of the Program
On diskette MA-5200, the Assembler is saved under the file name of
ASM9 and the Debuggers are under the file names of DEBUG5A and
DEBUG70. DEBUG5A is stored at the memory locations of &H5A00 to
&H69FF and DEBUG70 is stored at the locations of &H7000 to &H7FFF.
You have to use the DEBUG70 here. Normally, you have to resave these
programs on another diskette according to the following procedures.
It is recommended to use the resaved one. The original one should
be kept as a master diskette.
(1) After the DISK BASIC (MA-5301) has been loaded, insert the
diskette, MA-5200, into the Drive 1 and another diskette
in the Drive 0. Load the Assembler under the file name of
ASM9 by using the BASIC command.
Example: Ready
LOAD M"1:ASM9" | RETURN |
Ready
t_ Blinking Cursor
(80)
N.B. In order not to destroy the diskette, MA-5200, make
sure that the protection seal is stuck on the diskette.
(2) Load the Debugger under the file name of DEBUG70 in the same
way as mentioned above.
(3) Resave these programs on another diskette inserted into the
Drive 0.
Example:
Ready
SAVE M"0:DEBUG70",
Ready
&H7000, &H7FFF, &H7000
RETURN |
t. Blinking Cursor
N.B. After saving these programs, stick the write protection
seal on the diskette.
3-2-2 Loading of Assembler and Debugger
Load the Assembler and Debugger into Basic Master Level-3 from the
diskette saved in the above-mentioned method.
(1) Load 40KB DISK BASIC (MA-5301)
(2) The resaved diskette has to be inserted into the Drive.
(3) The Assembler is loaded by the LOADM command in the BASIC.
Example: Ready
LOAD M"1:ASM9" [ RETURN 1
Ready
t_ Blinking Cursor
(4) The Debugger under the file name of DEBUG70 is loaded in the
same way as in the Assembler. If you do not want to use
the Debugger, there is no need to load it. If you do not
load the Debugger, the area for the Debugger can be used for
the storage area for your source program or object program.
N.B. In case of using MA-5301 (40KB DISK BASIC), there is no
need to reserve the memory area for the object program
by the CLEAR command in the BASIC in order to store the
Assembler or Debugger. In order to execute the CLEAR
command, refer to Memory Map at Section 2-1 Chapter 1.
This is the case where the
diskette is inserted into
the Drive 1.
(81)
3-2-3 Operation of Assembler
(1) Start the Assembler from the address shown in Table 4-3-2 by
using the EXEC command in the BASIC.
Table 4-3-2
STARTING METHOD
STARTING ADDRESS
NORMAL START
&H5000
1. Re-start after the E command execution in the Editor.
2. Re-start after the | RESET | .
3. Re-start after CTRL | + | D |
&H5006
LOADM"DEVICE NAME*:ASM9",,R | RETURN |
(&H5000)
* As for the device names refer to the manuals on Basic Master Level-3
ROM BASIC or DISK BASIC.
In case of the re-start, the system is waiting for an editor command.
When you use LOADM,,R command, the system is in the Assembler mode.
This is the same with the normal start. The example of the normal
start is shown in the following:
Example: Ready
EXEC&H5000 1 RETURN
(The screen will be cleared)
* ASMB/EDITR_V2.O
:NEW/RAM/EXTM?
t. Blinking Cursor
N.B. By using the G command in the Monitor, the Assembler
will be initiated from the starting address shown in
Table 4-3-2. This is not applied by the G command in
the Debugger.
(2) Input Designation of Source Program
There are 3 methods to input your source program in the RAM.
By inputting one character shown below, you can designate
the input of your source prdgram.
(1) The case where your source program is input through the
keyboard:
:NEW/RAM/EXTM? j N )
/SOURCE TOP ADDR?
t_ Blinking Cursor
(82)
(2) The case where your source program is in the RAM:
:NEW/RAM/EXTM? [ R !
/ _
t. Blinking Cursor
(3) The case where your source program is on the
Diskette:
:NEW/RAM/EXTM? | E |
/SOURCE TOP ADDR?
(Input the top
address of your
source program)
Blinking Cursor
PROGRAM NAME: 1:EXAMPLE | RETURN [ This is the case where the
t. The device name [diskette is inserted into
and the file name~| the D rive 1.
of within 8 characters.I
Program to be loaded
/ _
t_ Blinking Cursor
N.B. The double quotation marks are not needed before nad
after the device name and the file name of within
8 characters.
(4) The case where the program is stored on cassette tape:
: NEW/RAM/EXTM? |~E~|
/SOURCE TOP ADDR?
t_ Blinking Cursor
(Input the top address of your source program)
PROGRAM NAME:CASO:EXAMPLE
RETURN
t_ Input the Device name CASO: of the
cassette and the file name of the
cassette and start the tape recorder.
(Program to be loaded)
/
t_ Blinking Cursor
N.B. The double quotation marks are not needed before and
after the device name and the file name of within
8 characters.
(3) Designation of Beginning Address'of Source Program
In reference to Memory Map at Section 2-1 in Chapter 1, you have to
decide on the beginning address of your source program in the RAM, and
to input the address in Hex. If you input morS” than 4 digits,' the last
4 digits will be effective. And if you designate the address, lower
than the beginning address of user's RAM, the system is waiting for
another -input. . •
(83)
Example: *ASMB/EDITR_ V2 .0
:NEW/RAM/EXTM? | N |
/SOURCE TOP ADDR? 3000 | RETURN
/ _
t_ Blinking Cursor
N.B.l When you designate the beginning address of user's RAM as.
the beginning address of your source program and execute
the BASIC commands in the BASIC mode, there is possibility
that your source program might be destroyed. Therefore,
it is recommended to designate the starting address of
your source program at the beginning address of user's RAM
plus &H100 and thereafter.
N.B.2 When you load your-source program stored on the diskette,
you have to designate the same address which is stored on
the diskette. If the two addresses are different, the
program will not be loaded correctly. This is the same in
case of the cassette tape.
3-2-4 Execution of Assembler
(1) As soon as you have finished the editing of your source program,
input the A command.
Example:
/A
RETURN
(The listing will appear on the screen)
or
/A,
RETURN 1
( 2 )
RETURN
only one frame of listing
When you input the A,
will be displayed. If you hit the SPACE key, the next frame
of the listing appears on the screen.
When the number of errors and the prompt mark appear on the
screen, this means that the assembling has been completed.
Your object program is already stored in the RAM according
to the ORG instruction designated by a user. Therefore,
you can execute the program right away. If some errors
are found, you can modify the source program by the editor
commands.
(3) If you want to assemble the source program already stored on
diskette, execute the A command as mentioned before.
(4) If you want to make the assemble listing, connect the printer
to the machine, and input the AL command.
Example: /AL j RETURN j
(84)
If you want to stop prin ting ha lf way , type in [ CTRL | + j D |
keys. When you hit the CTRL + | D 1 keys, the system
returns to the BASIC mode. When you execute EXEC&H5006,
the system returns to the Assembler mode. The system is
waiting for an editor commands.
N.B. The listing will he output on the printer under the
device name of LPTO:
(5) The errors which have occurred during the assembling procedures
are shown in number represented in Table 2-6-1. The assembling
is continued under the conditions shown there.
(6) In order to execute the object program, return to the BASIC
mode by using the E'dommand in the Editor and execute the
EXEC instruction.
Example: /E _
EXEC&HXXXX [ RETURN
Or you can execute the object program by the G command in
the Monitor.
Example: (In the Monitor mode)
*GXXXX 1 RETURN
N.B. The program for a colour display monitor is stored at
the memory locations of &H400 to &H43FF. If you use
this memory area for the storage of your object program
stack memory storage, the colour of the monitor will
be affected. When you store your object program in
this area, you have to bare this fact in mind.
3-2-5 Operation of Debugger (DEBUG70)
(1) Start the Debugger from the address of &H7000 by using the
EXEC command in the BASIC.
Example: Ready
EXEC&H7000 | RETURN ]
(The screen will be cleared)
** DEBUGGER Vl.O **
COMMAND:
t_ Blinking Cursor
(2) This will be initiated by the G command in the Monitor
Example: (In the Monitor Mode)
*G7000 | RETURN [
(3) LOADM,,R command initiates this Debugger in the BASIC mode,
just as in the Assembler. • ’ •
Example: LOADM"D£BUG70",,R | RETURN 1
(85)
In this case, the Debugger will be initiated right after
DEBUG70 has been loaded.
SUPPLEMENTARY
Even if you use the Assembler (MA-5200) together with 40KB DISK
BASIC (MA-5301), it is possible to use DEBUG5A. If you load DEBUG5A
in the RAM in this case, ASM9 will be destroyed. And if you load
ASM9, DEBUG5A will be destroyed. Therefore, ASM9 and DEBUG5A have
to be loaded according to your needs. Instead, the memory area which
is occupied by DEBUG5A (&H7000 to &H7FFF), can be used for the storage
of your source program or object program.
( 86 )
4 Simultaneous Development of Assembly and BASIC languages
4-1 Usage of Memory Area
(1) RAM Area Available to User
When you load the Assembler and Debugger in the RAM, the
area available to a user is shown in Figure 1-2-1 at
Section 2-1 in Chapter 1. A user has to make BASIC and
Assembly programs and further their object programs in this
memory area.
(2) Setting of Screen Format
When the system is'equipped with the standard 32KB RAM
and is used as the 80 character high-resolution screen
format, the available memory area to a user for Level-3
BASIC and Level-3 DISK BASIC (memory location from the
beginning of user's RAM up to the previous one byte of the
Assembler working area) is 1944 bytes and 910 bytes,
respectively. Therefore, it is very difficult to store
BASIC and Assembly programs and their object programs in
this area. In this case it is recommended to use the 40
character screen format, in order to use as many available
locations as possible.
(3) Setting of Upper Address for BASIC
When the system is equipped with the standard 32KB RAM,
you have to reserve the memory area for object program
by using the CLEAR command in the BASIC.
(4) Effective Usage of RAM Area by Use of DEBUG5A
When you use a cassette tape recorder as an I/O device or
40KB DISK BASIC, it is quite possible to use DEBUG5A.
When you use DEBUG5A and Assembler alternately, you can
use more memory locations than DEBUG70 is used.
But, when you use a cassette tape recorder, it takes a long
time to load DEBUG5A and Assembler.
(5) Others
In reference to Memory Map at Section 2-1 in Chapter 1,
you can avail yourself of the machine in clever ways.
67 .
4-2. Development Procedure
Restart from &K5000
by the EXEC Command
Initiation
of Assembler
s
Reserves the memory areas for
Assembler and Debugger and
sets the upper address for the
BaSIC
Concerning BaSIC and Assembly
programs, the minimum BASIC
main program is needed which
calls subroutines and Assembly
programs.
l)*Use the command of PRINT
FRE(O) to find the unused
memory size. Decide the
top addresse of Assembly
program
d.) Start from &H5000 by the
EXEC command.
l)Input Designation
:NEW/RAM/EXTM?
d.) Designation of Top Address
/SOURCE TOP ADDR ?
Bugs in
Assembly
Program
♦The area for BASIC constants and
that for the stack are not reserved
if you do not run the program.
Bear this in mind.
( 88 )
5. Assembly Language
1. Introduction
In this chapter we are going to describe the Assembly Language which
is used for Microprocessor HD6809 of Basic Master Level-3, MB-6890.
At Section 2 the addressing formats are describes and at Section 3
the instructions are described.
2. Address Format
There are 8 address formats as shown in the following:
1) Implied Address FormaJ
2) Accumulator Address Format
3) Immediate Address Format
4) Direct Address Format
5) Extended Address Format (Including extended indirect address
format)
6) Register Address Format
7) Indexed Address Format
(1) Constant offset index address format
(2) Constant offset index indirect address format
(3) Accumulator index address format
(4) Accumulator index indirect address format
(5) Auto-increment address format
(6) Auto-increment indirect address format
(7) Auto-decrement address format
(8) Auto-decrement indirect address format
8) Relative Address Format
(1) Short/Long relative address format
(2) Program counter relative address format
(89)
2-1 Implied Address Format
This is an address format in which the field to be operated is clear
from an instruction. Therefore, an operand is not needed as follows:
Example: MUL. SEX
2-2 Accumulator Address Format
This is an address format in which an accumulator is operated by an
instruction. You can designate Accumulator A or B as an operand of
one byte. This Assembler does not allow to intert a space between the
mnemonic code and the register name.
Example: DECA or DECB
TSTA or TSTB
2-3 Immediate Address Format
In this case, an operand itself becomes data. This format needs
"#" at the beginning of an operand. After the "#", you have to
write decimal, hexadecimal and binary numbers, and a label or an
expression which is replaced by a number during the assembling
procedures. As an immediate value, an instruction concerning
8-bit operation takes the value of -128 to 255, and an instruction
concerning a 16-bit operation takes the value of -32768 to 65535.
Example:
STATEMENT
MACHINE CODE
FIRST BYTE
SECOND BYTE
THIRD BYTE
,LDA#25
86
19
LDX#&H4B01
8E
4B
01
LDD3100+600
CC
02
BC
LDA#-1
86
FF
In Figure 5-2-1 is shown the data flow in immediate address format
Figure 5-2-1 Data Flow In Immediate Address Format
(90)
2-4 Direct Address Format
This is address format which decide an effective address as the higher
address byte from the direct page register and the lower address byte
from an operand. When an operand denotes an address and the higher
byte agrees with the direct page pseudo register, the Assembler selects
direct address format and the lower byte as an operand. Otherwise,
the Assembler selects automatically extended address format.
Or not concerning with the content of direct page pseudo register,
the Assembler designates direct address format (forced direct address
format). In this case, you have to add "<" at the beginning of an
operand. When the higher byte disagrees with the content of direct
page pseudo register and the forced direct address format is designated,
this Assembler gives an error yarning to give a user some attention
when your program is assembled. The direct page pseudo register is
to remember the address of a page consisting of 256 bytes as one page,
thus covering the address space from &H0000 to &HFFFF.
Page
Address
S00
$01 ^
$02
$03
$ FF
Address
—r*
256 Bytes
__L_
Figure 5-2-2 Relationship Between Page and Address Space
Figure 5-2-2 shows the range of direct address which can be designated
by each page address. For example, if the page address is 1 which means
that the content of direct address register is &H01, the direct address
format can access to the memory locations of &H0100 to &H01FF.
address format
ess format, an operand value becomes an effective
here direct address format is selected, it can
by putting ">" at the beginning of an operand.
(92)
Example:
STATEMENT
MACHINE CODE
FIRST BYTE
SECOND BYTE
THIRD BYTE
LDA &H50A0
B6
50
A0
LDX LABEL
BE
70
00
LDB>WK
F6
55
01
N.B. In the above example, it is assumed that the address of LABEL is
&H7000, that the address of WK is &H5501, and that DPR (Direct
Page Register) contains the value of $55.
In Figure 5-2-4 is shown the date flow in extended address format
ACCA
Memory
$ 5500
$ 5501
Figure 5-2-4 Data Flow in Extended Address Format
2-5-2 Extended Indirect Address Format
In case of extended indirect address format, the content of the address
designated by an operand becomes an effective address. The operand has
to be bracketed by "C 3" to make this format.
(93)
MACHINE CODE
b 1 AlrirrfciN 1
FIRST BYTE
SECOND BYTE
THIRD BYTE
FOURTH BYTE
LDA CLABELH
A6
9F
50
10
DEC CWK3
6A
9F
01
00
In the above example.it- is assumed that the address of LABEL xs
&H5010, that the address of WK is &H0100, and that the post byte
in extended indirect address format is &H9F. As for the post
byte, it will be described in detail at Section 2-7 (Index
Address Format).
In Figure 5-2-5 is shown the date flow in extended indirect address format
ACCA
Memory
Figure 5-2-5 Data Flow in Extended Indirect Address Format
(94)
2-6 Register Address Format
This is address format concerning the operation between registers, and
a register name is designated in an operand. The instructions which
can use this address format are TFR, EXG, PSHU, PULU, AND PULS. The
register names designates in the operands are shown in Table 5-2-1.
Table 5-2-1 Table of Register Names
REGISTER NAME
SYMBOL
REGISTER NAME
SYMBOL
Accumulator A
A
X-Index Register
X
Accumulator B
B
Y-Index Register
Y
Double Accumulator
D
Hardware Stack Pointer
S
Condition Code Register
CC
User Stack Pointer
U
Direct Page Register
DP
Program Counter
PC
Example: TFR
EXG
PSHS
A, B
X, PC
A, B, DP, Y
This operand designated by the TFR and EXG instructions is shown in
Figure 5-2-6. As for these two instruction, the two registers (Source
and Destination Reqisters) have to be either 8-bit or 16-bit ones.
b' b« ba ho
Source
Destination
| _
4 bit
i
4 bit
0
0
0
0 •••
— D
0
1
0
1 ••
0
0
0
1 -
•• X
1
0
0
0"
0
0
1
o •••
... Y
1
0
0
I ••
0
0
1
I -
•U
1
0
1
0-
0
1
0
0-
-S
I
0
1
1 -
•PC
A
B
CC
DP
Figure 5-2-6
Operands of TFR and EXG Instructions
The operands of PSH and PUL instructions are shown in Figure 5-2-7.
If each bit is one, the corresponding register is Pushed or Pulled.
(95)
The S register (Hardware Stack Pointer) cannot be designated as an
operand for PSHS and PULS instructions. The S register (User Stack
Pointer) cannot be designated either as an operand for PSHU and PULU
instructions.
bz
b*
bs
b<
bj
bz
bi
bo
PC
s /
OJ
Y J
X
DP
B
H
cc
Order by P u 1 1 Instruction'
Order by P u s h Instruction
Figure 5-2-7. Operands of PSH and PUL Instructions
2-7 Index Address Format
In the HD6809 Assembly language, the 16-bit X, Y, U and S registers are
called pointer registers which can be index-modified. Index address
format is the one address-modified by these registers. Other than the
above-mentioned registers, the program counter (PC) can be used as an
index register.
There are 8 index address formats. The operand has the post byte which
decides on their classifications and offset values. As for index
address formats, the number of bytes in machine codes is different
dependent upon the value of the offset and its size. The relationship
is shown in Figure 5-2-8.
Figure 5-2-8 Offset and Number of Bytes
The offset value is singed one and the range of the value is shown in
the following:
5 bit offset - -16 to 15
8 bit offset - -128 to 127
16 bit offset - -32768 to 32767
In Table 5-2-2 is shown the relationship between address format and
post byte.
(96)
The Assembler will automatically decide post bytes based on the operand
description, its value, and the result of the calculation.
* These- bytes are counted as fundamental machine cycles
* The Assembler assembles these XX's as 00
(97)
2-7-1 Constant Offset Index Address Format
This format calculates an effective address by adding the operand offset
value and the content of the selected pointer register. The operand is
described as follows:
<Expression>, R
The R takes either of X, Y, S, U, PC, and PCR. The PCR does not mean
a register, but it means that the relative value of the program counter
and the expression of an operand becomes an offset value. Where an
operand is Expression, R, this is describes at Section 2-8-2 (Program
Counter Relative). When an offset value is 0, you can omit "0" or
and just designate the name of a register.
Example:
LAD
LAD
Either one is the same as LAD
0,X
N.B. This Assembler assembles the offset value as 0.
The value that an offset can take is 16 bit 2's complement number,
that is, -32768 to 32767. Depending on the value of an offset, the
number of bytes varies. You can add ""or"" to an operand. If you put
"<" before an expression, an offset value is an 8 bit one.
Example:
LAD >1,X
N.B. The offset value is $0001 which is of two bytes.
In Figure 5-2-9 is shown the data flow in constant offset index address
format:
Figure 5-2-9 Data Flow In Constant Offset Index Address Format
(98)
2-7-2 Constant Offset Index Indirect Address Format
The effective address is calculated by adding the value of the selected
pointer register and the offset value given by the expression of an
operand. In this case, the effective address is of two bytes. To make
this format, a register name is bracketed by "£ T in the following:
C<Expression>, r3
You can also add "<" or ">" to an operand. In Figure 5-2-10 is shown
the date flow in constant offset index indirect address format.
Figure 5-2-10 Data Flow in Constant Offset Index Indirect Address Format
2-7-3 Accumulator Index Address Format
The content of an accumulator is taken as an offset value. An effective
address is calculated by adding the content of an accumulator and the
content of a pointer register. An accumulator and a pointer register
are designated in an operand.
Example:
A, B, or D is designated as an accumulator, X, Y, U, or S can be
designated as a pointer register. In Figure 5-2-11 is shown the data
flow in accumulator index address format.
Memory
Figure 5-2-11 Data Flow in Accumulator Index Address Format
( 100 )
2-7-4 Accumulator Index Indirect Address Format
An effective address is calculated by adding the content of an accumulator
and the content of a pointer register. The effective address is of
2 bytes. To make this address format, an operand is bracketed by
"C 0".
Example:
LDA
t-A,
CMPA
Cb,
YJ
LDD
L D »
UJ
A, B, or D can be designated as an accumulator. X, Y, U, or S can be
designated as a pointer register.
In Figure 5-2-12 is shown the data flow in accumulator index indirect
address format.
Figure 5-2-12
Data Flow in Accumulator Index Indirect Address Format
( 101 )
2-7-5 Auto-increment Address Format
An effective address is the content of a pointer register designated
by an operand. After the execution, the content of the pointer register
is incremented by 1 or 2. To make this address format, "+" or "++" is
added after a register name.
Example:
LDA 0, X+
CMPA , X+ .... 0 is omitted
CMPX Y++ .0 is omitted
N.B. In case of "+", a pointer register is incremented by 1
In case of "++", that is incremented by 2
2-7-6 Auto-increment Indirect Address Format
An effective address is the content at the location designated by a
pointer register in an operand. After the execution, the pointer
register is incremented by 2. To make this address format, "++"
after the register name and the register name are bracketed by ” ".
The offset value is defined as 0.
Example:
LDD CO, X++3
CMPD C , U++3 .... 0 is omitted
N.B. You have to add 2 +'s after a register name. Otherwise, an error
takes place.
2-7-2 Auto-decrement Format
The content of a pointer register in an operand is decremented by 1 or 2.
The content beocmes an effective address. To make this address format,
you have to add " " or " " before a register name. The offset value
is defined as 0.
Example:
LDA 0, _Y
CMPA , U .... 0 is omitted
ADDD X .... 0 is omitted
N.B. In case of " ", a pointer register is decremented by 1
In case of " ", that is decremented by 2
2-7-8 Auto-decrement Indirect Address Format
An effective address is the content at the location designated by the
content of a pointer register minus 2. To make this address format,
"_" before a register name and the register itself are bracketed by
" ". The offset value is defined as 0.
( 102 )
Example:
LDD CO/ __X3
CMPD ~
L—Ul .. .. O is omitted
N.B. You have to add 2 's. Otherwise, an error occurs.
2-8 Relative Address Format
2-8-1 Short/Long Branch
This is used for branching. For a short branch, an effective address
is calculated by adding one byte offset value and the content of the
program counter. For a long branch, that is calculated by adding two
bytes offset value and the content of the program counter. The program
counter contains the memory location of an instruction next to that
under current execution. For short branching, jumping takes place in
the relative range of -127 to 129. For long branching, jumping occurs
over 64K bytes.
Example: Address Machine Code
BEQ
LABEL
1000
27
04
ABX
1002
3A
STX
DATE
1003
BF
5000
LABEL
LDA
#$FF
1006
86
FF
Program
Counter
Relative
Address
Format
This is relative address format concerning the program counter. The
bperand value is assigned as the relative value designated by an operand
in reference to the content of the program counter. An effective
address is calculated by adding the value assigned in an operand the
content of the program counter. When you use this address format,
programs become relocatable. Even if program is located anywhere in
the memory, it will be executed easily. The operand is described as
follows. Or you can add "<" or ">" in an operand.
<Expression>, PCR
Example:
JMP &H2000, PCR
LEAU DATA+10, PCR
LEAX DATA , PCR
In Figure 5-2-13 is shown the data flow m program counter relative
address format.
LEAX DATA, PCR
I S 1029 | (DATA)
$ 1029 = S 100-1 + $0025)
Figure 5-2-13 Data Flow in Program Counter Relative Address Format
"LEAX DATA, PCR" is the same as "LDX"DATA" shown in Figure 5-2-13.
But only the different point in LEAX DATA, PCR is that the operand is
relative and that program can be located anyplace in the memory very
easily.
Supplementary: Expression , PC and Expression PCR are completely
different when assembled. This is shown in the following:
ADDRESS
MACHINE CODE
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
EFFECTIVE ADDRESS
518F
A68CE1
LDA $5803, PCR
5803
5822
581F
A68D5803
LDA $5803, PC
B026
5823
(104)
INSTRUCTIONS AND THEIR DETAILS
Table 5-3-1 Table of HD6809 Instructions
!■
LflLS
BLT
BLT
LBLT
BMI
BMI
LBMI
BN'L
BMC
LBNE
BPL
BPL
LBPL
UK.\
UKA
LUKA
OR.N
UH.N
LURN
BSR
BSR
LBSR
BVC
BVC
LBVC
BVS
BVS
LBVS
CLR
CLRA
CLRB
CLR
CMP
CMPA
CMPB
CMPO
CMPS
CMPU
CMPX
CMHY
COM
COMA
COMB
COM
CM.W
LAA
DKC
UKCA
ULCU
one
KOH
fcOHA
tOHB
kxi;
HI. K2
■■BEissiiziisiBsniaiis&ssicsziisai
lESBBESBDEQRBEBBDGQRBEQSilli
g
IODDDDDI1DI
IbdpdqbdbI
4 Lm« Braack
CVZ-l
1 Braack N^V - I
4 L*«| Braack
N.-iV- l
2 Snack N - l
4 Lm( Braack
. 1-1
2 Braack Z - 0
4 Laag Braaak
Z-0
2 Braack N - 0
4 Laag Braack
X - 0
2 Braack Al»ar*
) Laag Braack Alvapa
2 Braack Navar
4 Laag Braack N*»ar
2 Braack la
Safer awtiaa
2 Laag Braack la
Sakraaiiaa
2 Braack V - 0
4 Laag Braack
V - 0
2 Braack V - l
4 Laag Braack
V- l
0 -A
0 — B
0—M
Coagart M fraai A
Compare M Iraai B
Corner* M:Mfe l
h*m D
Cw«gara M.M 1
lr*a S
Ctaaan M:M *■ 1
V
Caaigara M:M* I
tr a- X
Caaa*r« M M fe 1
hmm Y
A -A
B-B
M-M
CC A IMM -CC
W*4 iac iaiarrwpt
Dtciawl A4 |«m A
A - 1 -A
B - l -B
M- 1 -M
A M-A
U *.M-B
HI — RZ4)
( 106 )
IMP
UIHECT
EXTNU
134 MED
INDEX-0
rnmvn
B
D
B
B
B
B
B
n\
m
a
a
5J
a
□
a
a
m
D
a
E22
B
□
51
B
* n
□
□
□
B
B
B
D
□1
2
t
A 4. | -A
•
•
2
i
B 4- 1 ~B
•
a
•
OL'
4
2
7 C
7
3
AC
A *•
2
M ♦ I —M
•
•
•
OE
3
2
7 E
.
3
AE
3 4-
2 *
EA 1/—PC
•
•
•
•
•
a
40
7
2
UU
A
3
AO
7 4-
2 ♦
JiMp I* SwArwttuM
•
•
•
•
•
*
9 «
4
2
BA
S
3
A A
2
3
A A
«<>
2 4-
M-A
•
R
06
4
2
FA
5
3
CA
2
2
EA
4-
2 ♦
»
•
;
R
DC
S
2
KC
A
3
cc
3
3
EC
5 ♦
24-
M M 4- 1 -D
•
R
•
1 0
6
i
I 0
7
4
1 0
4
4
l 0
6 4-
3 4-
M M 4- |
•
R
•
OF.
FE
CE
EE
ok
S
2
FE
A
3
CF.
3
3
EE
3-
2 4-
M
M *■ 1 **1
•
R
•
9 F.
S
2
BE
A
3
IK
3
3
AE
5 f
2 «•
M M t-l - X
•
•
R
•
1 0
A
)
1 0
7
4
1 0
4
4
1 o
A ♦
3 ♦
M M 4* I -Y
•
•
R
•
9 E
OF
• t
AE
3 2
4 *
2 4-
FA J • S
•
•
•
•
•
•
3 3
4*
2 *
KA J *t
•
•
•
•
•
•
3 0
4 f
2 -
EA 4—X
•
•
•
:
•
•
3 1
4 f
2 -
EA X * V
•
•
j
•
•
2
2
i
i
A
B
CKLggm-
•
•
0 A
A
2
7 4
7
3
A A
4«-
2 *
M
C fcr fc.
•
•
:
4 4
2
i
A
•
•
R
•
S 4
2
i
0 4
A
2
7 4
7
3
A 4
o ♦
2
B
M
^UlllilK)
M to C
•
•
•
•
R
R
:
30
1 1
i
A*B -0
•
•
•
:
•
l
4 0
2
i
A 1 * A
•
4
50
2
i
B
l -B
•
K
0 0
•
3
7 0
7
3
A 0
A 4-
2 4-
M
1 *M
•
i.
1 3
2
i
V- 0|>»raiMMi
•
•
•
•
•
•
9 A
4
2
HA
S
3
A A
2
2
AA
4
2 +
A
M • A
•
•
•
;
R
•
DA
4
2
KA
5
CA
l A
2
2
F.A
2 *■
H
Nl »B
IMM *CC
•
•
•
I
R
•
CC
mm
—
—
1 4
2
i'mk ■<»
•
D
□
•
a
•
•
•
S Stack
■
3 n
J-l
2
I'wali Krtiiun mi
•
□
D
•
•
•
•
1 5
2
U Slack
K»gi*iar»
bum S Stark
Nriitim
1
1
1
1
1
1
lr*Mi L' Stark
l 9
2
1
•
•
•
•
•
5 9
2
1
",
‘
*
7 •)
7
• 9
2
0
M
laaagfflJ
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
.
;
;
4 A
2
1
A
•
•
•
•
•
5 A
2
1
H
•
•
•
•
•
311
4/M
0*.
6
2
7 A
7
3
A 6
2 *
M
•
•
•
•
1
r
a
1
\mt*rr upt
1 9
3
1
1 Km»(« Itvm
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1
S«kr««liM
>4 2
4
2
0 2
5
3
*4 2
A 2
2 ♦-
i.v
M - L *A
•
•
4
•
:
0 2
1
2
K2
3
(.' 2
K 2
_
l ♦
,
i 11
1
i
_i_
M - C • H
•
•
A
•
—
(107)
St
IMP
DIRECT
EXTND
IMM tO
1-NUtXD
RELATIVE
ft
fV
7
4
5
4
3
2
i
0
OP
-
2
OP
-
2
OP
-
2
OP
-
2
OP
-
s
OP
-1
2
E
F
H
1
N
Z
V
c
sex
10
2
l
S>(■ Eiih 4 B iM*
A
•
ft
ft
ft
1
•
ft
•
j 1+7.1
FF-A
1 B/lbit’ -0
0 -A
ST
STA
9 7
4
2
B 7
3
3
A 7
4 4-
24-
A-M
•
ft
ft
ft
:
R
ft
STB
07
4
2
F 7
3
3
E7
4 4-
2 4-
B -M
•
ft
ft
ft
:
R
ft
STD
DD
S
2
FD
•
3
ED
S-4-
2 4-
D-M M4- l
•
ft
ft
ft
!
R
ft
STS
l 0
4
3
l 0
7
4
1 0
4 ♦
3 4-
S-M M4- |
•
ft
ft
ft
1
R
ft
OF
KF
F.K
STU
OF
s
2
FF
4
3
EF
S4-
2 *
U —M M 4- |
•
ft
ft
ft
I
R
ft
STX
9 F
s
2
BF
•
3
AF
5 4-
2 ♦
X -M:Mt 1
•
ft
ft
ft
:
R
ft
STY
t 0
4
3
l 0
7
4
l 0
44-
3 4-
Y —MM ♦ 1
•
ft
ft
ft
:
R
ft
9 F
BF
AF
SIB
SLBA
90
4
2
BO
5
3
40
2
2
A0
4 4-
2 4-
A -M—A
•
ft
t
ft
t
l
SL'BB
no
4
2
FO
3
3
CO
2
2
EO
4 4-
24-
B - M — B
•
ft
h)
ft
:
:
SL'BD
9 3
i
2
b 3
7
3
• 3
4
3
A3
4 4-
2 4-
D-M Mt1 -0
ft
ft
ft
ft
:
:
swi
SWIvj)
3 F
19
l
SoAwara mitrrwbi
l
S
S
ft
S
•
•
ft
ft
swi a:{>
l 0
VS
2
S«A«ar« mtarriip*
2
S
ft
ft
ft
•
•
ft
ft
3F
swi j'D
1 l
.*0
2
3
s
ft
ft
ft
•
•
ft
ft
3 F
SYNC
1 3
4 2
1
Sr»fkf»«in «•
ft
ft
ft
ft
•
•
ft
ft
TKK
Rl. R2
■•larrup*
R i H .
TST
TSTA
40
2
1
Taai A
ft
ft
ft
ft
i
R
ft
TSTB
SO
2
l
Taat B
ft
ft
ft
ft
:
R
ft
TST
0D
•
2
7 D
7
3
60
44-
2 4-
Ta»i M
ft
ft
ft
ft
*
R
—
ft
N.B. Extended indirect and program counter relative commands will be
described in "Index" column.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
(1) Operation Symbols
m Transfer Direction, Exclusive Or, = AND, += Arithmetic Addition, =OR,
-= Arithmetic subtraction.
(2) Abbreviation Symbols
OP = Operation Code
= Number of Cycles of MPU
= Number of bytes of Instruction
(3) Memory and Address Format
M = Memory location
M+l = Memory location plus 1
IMM = Immediate value
ACCM = Accumulator Address Format
REG = Register Address Format
DIRECT = Direct Address Format
EXTND = Extended Address Format
IMMED = Immediate Address Format
INDEX = Index Address Format
RELATIVE = Relative Address Format
(4) Condition Code Register
E(b7) = Entire Flag .
F(b6) = FIRQ Master Flag * - • '
. H(b5) = Carry Flag from bit 3 to bit 4
( 108 )
(4) Condition Code Register (continued)
I(b4) = IRQ Master Flag
N(b3) = Negative Flag -i
Z(b2) = Zero Flag
V(bl) = Overflow Flag in case of 2' Complement
C(b0) * Carry Flag From bit 7 or Borrow Flag to bit 7
(5) Symbols to Change the Content of Condition Code Register
R = Set
S = Reset
= Set if the condition is satisfied. Otherwise, rest.
= Unchanged
(6) Notes on Condition Code Register
(1) = In case of index mode, the necessary machine cycles and number
of bytes in this Table to the values shown in Table 5-3-2.
(2) * In case of EXG and TFR instructions, the Rl and R2 registers are
either of 8 bits or of 16 bits. 8 bit registers:A, B, CC, DP and
16 bit registers:X, Y, U, S, D, PC.
(3) = EA stands for effective address.
(4) = Instruction cycles for PSH/PUL
This is calculated by adding the machine cycles shown in the
table to the number of bytes of the register to be PUSHed or
PULLed.
(5) = 5(6) -5 cycles for non-branching
6 cycles for branching
(6) SWI sets the I and F flags. SWI2 and SWI3 unchanges I and F flags
(7) The condition code is set by the result of an instruction
executed.
(8) = After this instruction has been executed, the H and V flags
does not have any meaning.
(9) = If b7 of the ACCB is 1 for the MUL instruction, the C flag
will be set.
(10) = If the CC is designated in an operand, this will be set
according to the result of the instruction executed. But in
case of the TFR instruction this will be set if the CC is
designated in the destination.
(109)
e 5-3-2 Post Bytes of Indexed, Program Counter Relative, and Extended Indirect Modes
ADDRESSING M<
DDE
NON-
INDIRECT
DIRECT
ASSEMBLER
FORMAT
POST
BYTE
B
+
#
ASSEMBLER
FORMAT
POST.
BYTE
#
+
#
Zero Offset
0,
R
1RR00100
0
0
CO,
r:
1RR10100
■
0
R
1
o
■ ;
Offset
8 bit Offset
n,
R
1RR01000
1
1
Ln,
R3
1RR11000
9
1
16 bit Offset
n,
R
. y
1RR01001
4
2
cn,
R3
1RR11001
H
2
A Reg. Offset
A,
R
1RR00110
1
0
CA,
R3
1RR10110
9
0
AcC UiUlild t-OL
B Reg. Offset
B,
R
1RR00101
1
0
LB,
R3
1RR10101
0
ut rset
D Reg. Offset
D,
R
1RR01011
4
0
ld,
R3
1RR11011
9
0
Increment(+1)
0,
R+
1RR00000
2
0
_____
_
_
_
Auto Incr.
Increment(+2)
0,
R++
1RR00001
3
0
ro.
R++3
1RR10001
6
0
DEXED
/Auto Dec.
Decrement(-1)
0,
-R
1RR00010
2
0
Decrement(-2)
0,
— R
1RR00011
3
0
co.
— R3
1RR10011
6
0
gram
Program
n.
PCR
I
R
L n »
PCR 3
1XX11100
■
nter
Counter
8 bit Offset
n.
PC
■
■
fn,
PC 1
9
atives/
1
1
m
stant
set
Relative/
n,
PCR
Cn,
PCRl
i
Constant
16 bit Offset
1XX01101
5
2
1XX11101
8
2
Offset
n.
PC
Cn,
PCI
ended i
ndirect
16 bit Offset
B
B
C m
2
reviations:
RR: 00=X
01=Y
10=U
11=S
X=Don't care
(The Assembler under¬
stands that X is O.)
4.
_: Number of bytes to be added to the
fundamental cycles.
Number of bytes to be added to the
basic machine cycles.
pshu/pulu command
post byte
M
be
nr
0
0
0
0
0
bo
hr
cc
I— A
>— B
•— DP
X
Y
S
PSHS/PULScommand
■ post byte
E
0
0
0
0
E
E
bo
- B
DP
_
Y
X
—
u
TFR/EXGCommand
Q
D
D
□
IS
Q
Q
Q
c
register to be
. , transferred,
transfer star register
b? bj
bii b2
bs. ' bi
b 4 /bu
£
0
0
0
0
0
D
1
0
0
0
1
X
2
0
0
1
0
Y
3
0
0
1
1
u
4
0
1
0
0
s
5
0
1
0
1
PC
8
1
0
0
0
A
9
1
0
0
1
B
A
1
0
1
0
CC
B
1
0
1
1
DP
B
(Ill)
Table 5-3-3 Quick Conversion TAble between Mnemonic and Machine Codes
t.
ii
D
D
n
n
n
n
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
■
n
ROR
mm
EES
DEC
INC
T$T
JMP
CUR
■
LSL
uaui
HH
n
(DIR)
(DIR*
(DIR)
> DIR *
i DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
■■
H|
warn
mm
mm
DAA
OR
SEX
EXC
TFR
ICC)
■
m
91
m
■
ifl
v ACC)
• IMM)
■
(IMP)
(REG )
(RECl
IK
1:1:971
■WB
IW
BCC
BCS
I39S
ES3
E33
BVS
BPL
BMI
BCE
BLT
BGT
BLE
BHS
BLO
(REL)
(REL)
(REL)
(REL)
(REL)
(REL)
(REL/
( REL)
(REL)
' REL)
(REL)
(REL)
(REL)
(REL)
(REL)
(REL)
LEA
LEA
LEA
JSTuni
KEKI
RTS
ABX
MUL
SW|
(X )
(Y)
(S )
tfil&lB
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
wiwll
(IMPi
(IMP)
(IMP)
(IMPI
NEC
iCfl
Kftii
ASL-
INC
SSEl
( A )
8551
■I?]!
LSUA1
(A)
HI®
(ACC)
19
SI
BSSa
(ACC)
(ACC)
IH5BI
«w«HI
NEC
|
COM
LSR
ROR
ASR
ROt
DEC
bwki
( B i
(B)
1 B 1
( B )
l B )
( B )
( B >
Ea
Bn
(ACC)
MH
(ACC)
(ACC)
(ACC)
(ACC)
(ACC)
(ACC)
BEa
NEC
■
COM
LSR
■
ROR
DEC
INC
TST
JMP
CLR
■
UNO)
■
■
(LND)
(IND)
■
( IN D1
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
NEC
■■
INC
■ .>•
Ml
(EXT)
■
■
■
(EXT)
uSO
CMP
SBC
SUB
AND
BIT
LD
mm
ADC
OR
ADD
CMP
BSR
LD
SSH
( A )
( A )
(Dl
( A )
( A )
( A )
( A 1
( A )
( A )
( X )
(XI
■H
(IMM)
(IMM)
(IMM)
(IMM)
(IMM)
(IMM.
' IMM)
i IMM)
(IMM»
(IMM)
(REL)
(IMM)
HH
SUB
CMP
SBC
SUB
AND
BIT
LD
ST
EOR
ADC
OR
ADD
CMP
JSR.
LD
ST
( A )
(A)
(A)
( D
(A)
(A)
(A )
l A 1
( A )
1 A )
( A »
( A )
(X)
(X)
(X)
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
SUB
SBC
SUB
AND
BIT
LD
ST
EOR
ADC
OR
ADD
LD
ST
(A)
(A)
■Til
(A)
( A )
I A 1
(A )
(A >
• A )
( A )
' A )
(X)
(X)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND/
IND •
IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
SBC
SUB
AND
BIT
LD
Or
ADD
CMP
JSR
ST
(A)
(D)
( A )
( A »
( A »
( A )
( A )
(X)
>
(X)
(EXT)
(EXT)
(EXT)
(EXT)
(EXT.
(EXT)
'EXT)
(EXT)
(EXT)
(EXT)
ADD
AND
BIT
LD
EOR
ADC
OR
ADD
LD
LD
( D )
( B)
( B )
i B i
( B )
( B )
( B l
( B)
( Dl
( U )
(IMM)
(IMM)
(IMM)
(IMM)
(IMM)
(IMM)
• IMM)
(IMM)
(IMM)
(IMM)
SUB
CMP
SBC
ADD
AND
BIT
LD
ST
EOR
OR
LD
ST
LD
ST
( B)
(B)
( B )
(D)
( B)
( B)
( B 1
( B )
( B i
( B )
(Dl
lD>
(U)
(U .
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR l
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
'DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
(DIR)
SUB
CMP
SBC
AOO
AND
BIT
LD
ST
EOR
ADC
OR
ADD
LD
ST
LD
ST
( B)
( B )
(B)
(D)
( B)
( B )
(B)
( B )
( B 1
( B i
(B)
I B )
( D I
(Dl
( U)
(U )
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
( IND )
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
(IND)
SUB
Ea
AND
BIT
LD
ST
EOR
ADC
ADD
LD
ST
ST
( B)
frn
( B )
( B )
I B )
( B)
( B)
( B )
(B)
(Dl
(D)
(U )
(EXT)
(EXT)
(EXT)
(EXT)
.EXT)
(EXT)
EXT'
(EXT)
(EXT)
(EXT)
(EXT)
DIR=Direct Addressing
EXT=Extended Addressing
IMM=Immediate Addressing
IND=Indexed Addressing
IMP=Implied Addressing
REL=Relative Addressing
REG=Register Addressing
ACC=Accumulator Addressing
A=Accumulator A
B=Accumulator B
D=Double Accumulator
X=X Index Register
Y=Y Index Register
S=Hardware Stack Pointer Register
U=User Stack Pointer Register
CC=Condition Code Register
★
★ *
Refer to No. 2
Refer to No. 3
(112)
NO. 2
Table 5-3-3 Quick Conversion Table between Mnemonic and Machine Codes
All the instructions shown below of the first byte being $10
D
n
fl
B
B
B
B
B
fl
fl
fl
B
C
fl
E
F
0
■
■
B
B
B
B
B
fl
fl
B
■
■
■
■
LBRN
' REL >
LBHl
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(114)
APPENDIX
MODIFICATION OF THE SOURCE TOP ADDRESS OF YOUR SOURCE PROGRAM
When you save your source program made by the Assembler on cassette or
diskette by using the S command, the system saves the source top address
other than the content of your source program.
Your source program will be managed under the file name and the source
top address. Therefore, when you load your source program into the
RAM from cassette tape or diskette, you have to designate the source
top address and the file name.
If the source top address type in through the keyboard is different
from that recorded on cassette tape or diskette, there is no guarantee
that your source program will be loaded correctly. You had better
write down the file name and the source top address. And you have to
designate the same file name and source top address when you load your
source program.
Because your source program is managed under the file name and the
source top address, you cannot load into the different memory locations
by modifying your source top address once saved on cassette tape or
diskette. As shown in the following example, you can load your source
program at the different memory locations from those recorded on cassette
tape or diskette.
Example:
For example set the screen mode of Basic Master Level-3 to the
80 character mode (normal mode). the system has to be set in the
Assembler mode. You have to designate the source top address as
&H2000 through the keyboard and to make your source program. And
after that you have to save this source program under the file name
of TEST on cassette tape or diskette. In this case the source program
will be managed in the following:
(1) Source Top Address: SH2000
(2) File Name: "TEST"
In case this source program is loaded at the memory loaction of SH3000
and thereafter) the following procedures are needed:
(In The Assembler Mode)
*ASMB/EDITR_V2.0
(1) :NEW/RAM/EXTM? | N | You have to type in the | N \ key.
(2) /SOURCE TOP ADDR? 3000 | RETURN
+ Designate the Source Top Addr.
(3) / 1 E | -You have to key in E while the system is waiting for an
editor command. (This instruction returns the system to
the BASIC mode.) • . " -
(115)
(4) LOADM" Device Name : TEST", &H1000 | RETURN
Refer to * to calculate the offset
value
(This instruction loads your source program under the file name
of "TEST" at the memory lcoation of &H3000 and thereafter).
(5) EXEC&H5000
(This instruction puts the system in the Assembler mode.)
*ASMB/EDITR_V2.0
(6) :NEW/RAM/EXTM? | R | Type in the | R [ key.
/ -_-_'£h e , system is waiting for an editor command
t_ Blinking Cursor
(It is quite possible to compile your source program by editor
commands.)
The source program, the source top address of which has been changed
from &H2000 to &H3000 has to be saved on cassette tape or diskette
by the S command in the Editor under the file name of TEST. The
file will be managed under:
(1) Source Top Address: &H3000
(2) File Name: TEST
* Method of Calculating Offset Value:
Offset Value = Source Top Address - Source Top Address of
Designated by Keying in your Source Program to
be loaded
In the above example, the offset value is:
&H1000 = &H3000 - &H2000
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